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How Los Angeles ended up with the same nickname as the Confederacy

If you happen to’re inquisitive about our nation’s lengthy historical past of polarization, take a look at the time period “Southland.” Most Californians are unaware of precisely how the higher L.A. area wound up with a nickname extra generally related to the Outdated South. The story behind this unusual juxtaposition gives context for at this time’s crises, as a result of it’s about America’s regional and political conflicts and the way one opportunistic businessman profited from them.
The southeastern United States turned extensively generally known as the “Southland” starting in 1861, when the Confederacy was fashioned. Earlier than the primary photographs of the Civil Conflict had been ever fired at Fort Sumter, a poem titled “The Southland Fears no Foeman” was printed in Richmond’s “Southern Literary Messenger.” From there, Accomplice verse extolling “the Southland” flowed freely.
Unionists responded with their very own verses. Augustine Duganne, a New York legislator, soldier and poet, requested in an 1863 poem: “For what hath all this Southland been / However one white sepulchre of sin / So truthful with out — so foul inside?”
The Civil Conflict led to 1865, however the nickname and its affiliation with the Confederacy endured. In 1878, a “Southland” poem recited on the Mississippi Press Assn.’s conference brought on a firestorm. The writer, Will Kernan, was a well known extremist who wrote the deeply misanthropic “Tune of Hate.” Though Kernan edited Mississippi’s Southern States newspaper, he was from Ohio, as a result of then, as now, America’s polarization transcended regional boundaries. In “Southland,” Kernan attacked the 14th and fifteenth amendments, which respectively gave citizenship rights to Black Individuals and voting rights to Black males: “Let the blessing of the poll by Caucasians be managed.”
Iowa’s Le Mars Sentinel pushed again with a parody of Kernan’s work: “Ho Southland / Sunny Southland /… Land of half-breeds, cross-breeds, bastards, hybrids, Hottentots, brigands, savages / Of raw-boned he-traitors and scrawny she-devils…” The Sentinel’s “Southland” was reprinted extensively, enraging Southerners. In 1880, Mississippi’s Meridian Mercury known as for an finish to all cooperation with the North: “Above all, love your individual sunny Southland…Eschew all slimy hypocrisy about loving the entire nation.” The New York Instances reprinted, and condemned, the Mercury’s diatribe.
As newspapermen nationwide wielded “Southland” in rhetorical brawls, Harrison Grey Otis, editor of the brand new Los Angeles Every day Instances, began doing the identical. California had its personal north/south rivalry, and Otis resented Northern Californians’ snooty notion of the “cow counties” south of the Tehachapi Mountains. He used the Instances to struggle again, commissioning poems like Edward Vincent’s “Southern California”: “Time, place, alternative, benefit are thine/ O fairest south-land.” Otis rebuffed San Francisco’s sleights in the identical manner Lynyrd Skynyrd responded in “Candy House Alabama” to Neil Younger’s anti-Southern insults: by “singin’ songs concerning the Southland.”
Otis wasn’t the primary particular person to name L.A. the Southland, however he was the loudest, brandishing the phrase in his aggressive boosterism. Within the growth/bust 12 months of 1887, when the San Jose Mercury Information inspired central California to lure vacationers away from the “crowded South,” Otis accused “the sad North” of “sectional jealousy,” deploring its plots in opposition to “this truthful and sunny southland.”
Right here, “southland” referenced geography. However one month later the Instances accused “all Northern California” of conspiring in opposition to “Southland,” sending brokers to “spy out the land and ship the tenderfoot northward.” On this case, “Southland” represented a brand new area. As one Instances author defined: “We learn a lot concerning the New South, referring to the Southern states of our Union. California has a New South, and the world at massive is starting to have a information of it.” More and more, California’s New South embraced a connection to the outdated one.
On one hand this appeared acceptable, since early L.A. was stuffed with Southern transplants who had supported the Confederacy. “Let it by no means be forgotten,” declared the San Francisco Bulletin in 1862, “that the county of Los Angeles, on this day of peril to the Republic, is 2 to 1 for Dixie and Disunion.” However Otis wasn’t Southern. He was a Union veteran from Ohio who’d fought at Antietam.
When Otis promoted California’s Southland, he wasn’t expressing the delight of a regional native — he was creating a brand new dominion. He had spent his glory days triumphing over the outdated Southland, and he replicated that triumph on the West Coast. “Normal Otis” borrowed from army vocabulary to name his L.A. mansion “the Bivouac” and his Instances employees “the phalanx” as he constructed, and lorded over, a brand new Southland.
Sadly, Otis’ new dominion replicated the worst of the outdated: It grew into one other white oligarchy the place the wealthy bought richer and the working class suffered. Otis made a fortune on real estate speculation whereas his rampant union-busting provoked the 1910 bombing of The Instances during which 21 folks died.
It could take one other century for L.A. to construct a greater Southland. That work, in California and America, stays unfinished.
Laura Brodie is a professor of English at Washington and Lee College in Virginia. Her books embrace “Breaking Out: VMI and the Coming of Ladies.”

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The Secret, Decaying Beauty of an Abandoned Railway in Queens

This railroad observe hasn’t carried a practice throughout central Queens in 63 years, and it’s more unusual and extra stunning for it. The Lengthy Island Rail Highway’s Rockaway Seaside Department as soon as supplied a 30-minute journey from Manhattan to New York Metropolis’s ocean seashores. Alongside the best way it traversed three and a half miles of parkland valleys, earthen embankments and concrete viaducts from Forest Hills to Ozone Park.
The road was deserted in 1962. And so nature pursued its messy designs. Forests grew. Sign towers fell. Coyotes colonized the darkish bramble. In Rego Park, a bit of observe got here unmoored from its fastening pins, and the rock ballast eroded. The observe swayed free within the wind. A seedling fell between the stones. It turned a crimson maple tree that grew and caught the rail, folding the metal I-beam into its bulbous trunk.
On a cold day final winter, Jason Hofmann leaned down, framed the scene along with his iPhone and took an image.
“I like the best way the branches transfer within the wind — it creates fascinating geometry with the railroad tracks,” stated Jason, 17, who lives close by and sometimes walks the deserted tracks. “It seems like nature taking up a warfare zone.”
Many of the previous practice line is managed by New York’s Division of Citywide Administrative Companies. The center part, a mile-long stretch by way of Forest Park, is open to the general public. The remaining lies behind razor wire, wobbly fences and hillsides of poison ivy. Just a few neighbors improvise methods to get inside, as do a handful of people that sleep beneath tarps.
“It’s beautiful,” stated Travis Terry, who lives in Forest Hills, three blocks from the previous line. “It’s been untouched for 60 years, so you have got these nice timber. You’re in a forest and then you definately assume to your self, ‘Wait, I’m in New York Metropolis!’”
The locals are joined by particularly ardent city explorers, a few of whom take a number of buses and subway trains to get there. They benefit from the deserted line for its decayed magnificence, and since so few individuals comprehend it’s there.
“It’s beneath the radar as a result of it’s in Queens, and it’s laborious to get to,” stated Jeff Seal, a train-loving performer who filmed himself strolling the whole line. The video has received 12,000 views since he posted it on YouTube six years in the past, which hasn’t executed a lot to boost the Rockaway department’s profile. “I like that it’s hidden in plain sight,” he stated.
The place could not stay hidden for lengthy. Mr. Terry leads Buddies of the QueensWay, a nonprofit that hopes to show the deserted practice line right into a linear park just like the Excessive Line in Manhattan. The group has acquired $154 million in grants from town and the federal authorities, sufficient to finish the primary mile and a half of park building.
“It’s essential for us to make the most of each inch,” Mr. Terry stated.
As a result of the Rockaway department is in New York Metropolis, even this forgotten wasteland has become contested ground. A competing group, known as QueensLink, hopes to revive practice service aboveground, with a brand new tunnel connecting the department to the subway system. Price estimates begin round $4 billion and balloon to $9 billion. The group has received $400,000 to review the rail thought from the U.S. Division of Transportation — the identical company that additionally gave $117 million to QueensWay to construct its park.
“It’s a outstanding useful resource that must be used,” stated Neil C. Giannelli, 70, who has lived alongside the road for twenty-four years and helps QueensLink.
Within the meantime, the Rockaway department grows extra stunning for its disuse. To spend a yr trespassing the previous tracks is to benefit from the infinite overlapping riot of issues planted and lifeless, constructed up and falling aside.
If the Rockaway Seaside Department turns into a park in Queens it is going to be thanks partially to the success of the High Line, one other once-abandoned practice line that opened as a park beginning in 2009 and now attracts vacationers from world wide.
Robert Hammond is a co-founder of Buddies of the Excessive Line, which led the redevelopment effort. To promote his imaginative and prescient, Mr. Hammond requested the photographer Joel Sternfeld if he may take a number of snapshots of the deserted practice line.
Between his picture books and museum exhibitions, together with a present on the Museum of Trendy Artwork in 1984, Mr. Sternfeld was among the many most celebrated artwork photographers on this planet. He agreed to assist the Excessive Line, however not for cash. His solely request was time.
“I want a yr of unique entry,” Mr. Sternfeld recalled telling the group.
Mr. Sternfeld received his yr, and keys to the deserted line. The moist spring dried. Summer time weeds bloomed. Although the Excessive Line within the Nineties was a refuge for artists and teenage thrill seekers, Mr. Sternfeld’s photos included no individuals. As a substitute they centered on faint trails bushwhacked into thickets of invasive Ailanthus timber. His photos, stuffed with leaden skies and muted auburn bramble, lent the Excessive Line the mystique it wanted to land highly effective backers, Mr. Hammond stated, together with Diane von Furstenberg and Mayor Michael Bloomberg.
“For me, it was the seasons,” Mr. Sternfeld stated in a current interview. “I’ve at all times been within the seasons, and the altering of the seasons.”
1 / 4 century later, the undertaking to redevelop the Rockaway department is in the identical early part because the Excessive Line was when Mr. Sternfeld walked it. Yellow lichens dot the rusted metal like polka dots on a necktie. Flocks of blue jays march down the cover like columns of troopers, squawking and unafraid. Behind an condominium tower in Rego Park, a high-banked ridge gave manner and buried the rail line beneath a slow-moving avalanche of soil.
On a heat day final summer season, Alex Cotter left the sidewalk by Yellowstone Boulevard and scrambled onto the steep embankment to the Rockaway department, utilizing tree roots as handholds to tug himself up. He hoped to see an opossum. As a substitute he was trapped, dense Ailanthus blocking all northern progress, greenbrier thorns to the south.
“I at all times thought it might be fascinating to go up there, I simply by no means truly did it,” stated Mr. Cotter, 28, who grew up close to the road in Rego Park. “Possibly I’ll come again when it’s chilly.”
Beneath the Yellowstone Boulevard bridge lies a triangle-shaped lot that after was a dumping floor for televisions and automobile batteries. A decade of free labor turned it into the Compost Collective, the place trash is sorted by volunteers and chickens peck each other in a double-decker coop.
On the collective’s winter picnic this December, Anuradha Hashemi stood within the shadow of the quiet practice bridge and saved watch over her son’s first bonfire.
“Mother!” stated the boy, Obi, 6. “My marshmallow is on hearth!”
Within the early 2000s, Patrick Mohamed purchased a tall, slender home in Woodhaven. His again patio led to a cinder-block wall. Simply past the wall, the Rockaway department’s embankment rose in a hillside of weeds and trash.
Now Mr. Mohamed is 63, grey on the temples however nonetheless fast along with his steps. A chilly day in February discovered him in his driveway surrounded by metal barbells, finishing his each day workout routines. Mr. Mohamed walked to the again of his property, hopped two steps carved into the cinder blocks and climbed into his backyard, on land appropriated from the previous practice line.
Raised tomato beds climbed the hill like a staircase. They had been topped with trellises for lengthy beans and bitter melons and small-gauge display screen to maintain the rabbits out. The place the hill crests, fats terra cotta planters crammed with barren soil prolonged Mr. Mohamed’s area all the best way throughout the primary set of tracks.
In all places else in New York, land rights are adjudicated to the sq. inch. On the Rockaway department, issues are looser. Some householders maintain their backyards flush with the property line laid down by the railroad. Many have edged their fences again a number of toes, claiming area for a shed, a foosball desk or a rope swing. Few of Mr. Mohamed’s neighbors are wanting to see the road repurposed as a park, which could convey nosy strangers to their yard retreats.
“I’m fearful about individuals trying in, hurting our privateness,” stated Lasha Revia, 46, who carved a stone-lined terrace into the embankment the place he hosts household gatherings in summer season.
However nobody else alongside the whole three-and-a-half-mile line has pursued a marketing campaign of territorial growth as profitable as Mr. Mohamed’s.
“I constructed this over 24 years,” he stated. “I did it a little bit piece at a time.”
One man can impose solely a lot order on a spot so riotous. Somewhat than really feel discouraged by the dysfunction, Mr. Mohamed greets it with delight. In summer season, when the backyard pruning is completed, he retires to his again deck. He watches darkness descend at its personal celestial tempo.
“At evening it will get actually darkish again right here,” he stated. “We get nice stars, and the moon comes out actually clear.”

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Rabid bat found in Orange County, health officials say

A bat contaminated with rabies was discovered close to Rancho Santa Margarita Lake in Orange County this month, well being authorities mentioned.
The bat was found on April 17 and brought in for testing as a part of the county’s routine rabies surveillance effort, in line with the OC Well being Care Company. The contaminated bat’s carcass was frozen after which despatched to the California Division of Public Well being.
The OC Well being Care Company encourages anybody who made bodily contact with the bat — or noticed anybody else accomplish that — to tell its Illness Management Division to find out the chance of an infection. Homeowners of pets which will have touched the bat are additionally requested to contact well being authorities.
Rabies is sort of all the time deadly in people as soon as somebody begins to point out signs, according to the Well being Care Company. That’s why it’s essential for individuals to hunt medical help promptly after a potential publicity, officers say.
The virus is unfold by means of an contaminated animal’s saliva, normally throughout a chunk. As a result of bats have small enamel, their bites sometimes go unnoticed, heightening the chance of an infection.
As of April, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health has documented two rabid bats this 12 months, each across the Santa Clarita space. One of many bats was discovered lifeless in a residential yard, the opposite was alive within the entrance yard of a house.
In 2024, Fresno County recorded its first human rabies fatality in additional than 30 years. The particular person was contaminated after being bitten by a bat.
Human instances of rabies are uncommon, however bats are the main supply of transmission, in line with Orange County well being officers.

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