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Perseverance Takes A Second Look At Some Ancient Rocks

A planet’s historical past is informed in its historical rock. Earth’s oldest rocks are within the Canadian Protect, Australia’s Jack Hill, the Greenstone Belts in Greenland, and a handful of different areas. These rocks maintain highly effective clues to our planet’s historical past. On Mars, the identical holds true.
That’s why NASA’s Perseverance rover is revisiting a few of them.
Perseverance is exploring Jezero Crater, an historical paleolake. Its thick layer of sediments might comprise proof of historical life on Mars. Each crater has a rim, and Perseverance’s present marketing campaign includes finding out the rim. The crater rim is completely different than the sediments. It’s manufactured from historical rock uplifted and uncovered on the floor by the traditional influence that created Jezero.
On Earth, geologists repeatedly research rock that has made itself straightforward to look at by arising from the deeper crust and presenting itself. The identical factor occurs on Mars, although impacts do the lifting, not plate tectonics. Perseverance is finding out the rocks on the crater rim in its present Crater Rim Marketing campaign. The situation it’s exploring is an uncovered outcrop named Tablelands.

One sort of rock that may train us lots about Mars’ historical historical past is serpentine. It’s widespread on Earth and Mars and varieties within the presence of water. Its presence on Mars is a few of our strongest proof that the planet was as soon as moist.
Perseverance sampled Silver Mountain, a rock within the Tablelands. The rover used its abrasion instrument on its robotic arm to create a contemporary floor it may analyze. That evaluation confirmed Silver Mountain is wealthy in pyroxene, a kind of silicate present in virtually each igneous and metamorphic rock. The rover additionally collected a core.
After that, it visited a rock named Serpentine Lake that confirmed telltale indicators of serpentine. Perseverance used its abrasion instrument to scrub the rock for an in depth investigation. Serpentine Lake has an intriguing texture, described in a press launch as “cookies and cream.” It’s additionally excessive in serpentine and different minerals that type within the presence of water.

After that, Perseverance doubled again to revisit a rock named “Cat Arm Reservoir.”
It was the primary rock the rover studied on the canyon rim. The rover analyzed its composition and detected coarse pyroxene and feldspar crystals, indicating an igneous origin. Sadly, Perseverance’s pattern tube was empty. Generally, the rock the rover tries to pattern is weak and turns to mud. That is uncommon, but it surely did occur in the course of the rover’s very first sampling attempt, and it occurred once more with Cat Arm Reservoir.

Perseverance travelled a small distance and tried to gather a core pattern from Cat Arm Reservoir once more. That try additionally failed. Then the rover selected a distinct spot close by named “Inexperienced Gardens” and efficiently collected a core pattern. It’s subsequent to the abrasion patch on Serpentine Lake.

Just like the Serpentine Lake rock, Inexperienced Backyard can also be inexperienced, which is a attribute of the mineral serpentine. Serpentine varieties within the presence of water when hydrothermal vents alter ultramafic rocks. Scientists are all in favour of these minerals as a result of their construction and composition can reveal the historical past of water on Mars. On Earth, serpentine rock additionally hosts microbial life, so the identical might have been true on Mars. Sadly, it’s not clear how a lot evidence of this life can be preserved.

Perseverance will spend some extra time exploring the Tablelands outcrop. It might re-examine the Serpentine Lake abrasion patch and analyze the particles from the Inexperienced Gardens drilling and coring. This might take a few weeks.
Subsequent on its agenda is “Broom Level,” additional down the crater rim. Broom Level accommodates a spectacular formation of layered rock, which can also be intriguing to scientists.
Mars’ historical historical past is informed in its historical rocks, but it surely’s unattainable to know upfront which rock holds which clues and the way all the things will fall into place.
We don’t know what Perseverance will uncover about Broom Level. However the rock will inform us one thing. It all the time does.
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The Secret, Decaying Beauty of an Abandoned Railway in Queens

This railroad observe hasn’t carried a practice throughout central Queens in 63 years, and it’s more unusual and extra stunning for it. The Lengthy Island Rail Highway’s Rockaway Seaside Department as soon as supplied a 30-minute journey from Manhattan to New York Metropolis’s ocean seashores. Alongside the best way it traversed three and a half miles of parkland valleys, earthen embankments and concrete viaducts from Forest Hills to Ozone Park.
The road was deserted in 1962. And so nature pursued its messy designs. Forests grew. Sign towers fell. Coyotes colonized the darkish bramble. In Rego Park, a bit of observe got here unmoored from its fastening pins, and the rock ballast eroded. The observe swayed free within the wind. A seedling fell between the stones. It turned a crimson maple tree that grew and caught the rail, folding the metal I-beam into its bulbous trunk.
On a cold day final winter, Jason Hofmann leaned down, framed the scene along with his iPhone and took an image.
“I like the best way the branches transfer within the wind — it creates fascinating geometry with the railroad tracks,” stated Jason, 17, who lives close by and sometimes walks the deserted tracks. “It seems like nature taking up a warfare zone.”
Many of the previous practice line is managed by New York’s Division of Citywide Administrative Companies. The center part, a mile-long stretch by way of Forest Park, is open to the general public. The remaining lies behind razor wire, wobbly fences and hillsides of poison ivy. Just a few neighbors improvise methods to get inside, as do a handful of people that sleep beneath tarps.
“It’s beautiful,” stated Travis Terry, who lives in Forest Hills, three blocks from the previous line. “It’s been untouched for 60 years, so you have got these nice timber. You’re in a forest and then you definately assume to your self, ‘Wait, I’m in New York Metropolis!’”
The locals are joined by particularly ardent city explorers, a few of whom take a number of buses and subway trains to get there. They benefit from the deserted line for its decayed magnificence, and since so few individuals comprehend it’s there.
“It’s beneath the radar as a result of it’s in Queens, and it’s laborious to get to,” stated Jeff Seal, a train-loving performer who filmed himself strolling the whole line. The video has received 12,000 views since he posted it on YouTube six years in the past, which hasn’t executed a lot to boost the Rockaway department’s profile. “I like that it’s hidden in plain sight,” he stated.
The place could not stay hidden for lengthy. Mr. Terry leads Buddies of the QueensWay, a nonprofit that hopes to show the deserted practice line right into a linear park just like the Excessive Line in Manhattan. The group has acquired $154 million in grants from town and the federal authorities, sufficient to finish the primary mile and a half of park building.
“It’s essential for us to make the most of each inch,” Mr. Terry stated.
As a result of the Rockaway department is in New York Metropolis, even this forgotten wasteland has become contested ground. A competing group, known as QueensLink, hopes to revive practice service aboveground, with a brand new tunnel connecting the department to the subway system. Price estimates begin round $4 billion and balloon to $9 billion. The group has received $400,000 to review the rail thought from the U.S. Division of Transportation — the identical company that additionally gave $117 million to QueensWay to construct its park.
“It’s a outstanding useful resource that must be used,” stated Neil C. Giannelli, 70, who has lived alongside the road for twenty-four years and helps QueensLink.
Within the meantime, the Rockaway department grows extra stunning for its disuse. To spend a yr trespassing the previous tracks is to benefit from the infinite overlapping riot of issues planted and lifeless, constructed up and falling aside.
If the Rockaway Seaside Department turns into a park in Queens it is going to be thanks partially to the success of the High Line, one other once-abandoned practice line that opened as a park beginning in 2009 and now attracts vacationers from world wide.
Robert Hammond is a co-founder of Buddies of the Excessive Line, which led the redevelopment effort. To promote his imaginative and prescient, Mr. Hammond requested the photographer Joel Sternfeld if he may take a number of snapshots of the deserted practice line.
Between his picture books and museum exhibitions, together with a present on the Museum of Trendy Artwork in 1984, Mr. Sternfeld was among the many most celebrated artwork photographers on this planet. He agreed to assist the Excessive Line, however not for cash. His solely request was time.
“I want a yr of unique entry,” Mr. Sternfeld recalled telling the group.
Mr. Sternfeld received his yr, and keys to the deserted line. The moist spring dried. Summer time weeds bloomed. Although the Excessive Line within the Nineties was a refuge for artists and teenage thrill seekers, Mr. Sternfeld’s photos included no individuals. As a substitute they centered on faint trails bushwhacked into thickets of invasive Ailanthus timber. His photos, stuffed with leaden skies and muted auburn bramble, lent the Excessive Line the mystique it wanted to land highly effective backers, Mr. Hammond stated, together with Diane von Furstenberg and Mayor Michael Bloomberg.
“For me, it was the seasons,” Mr. Sternfeld stated in a current interview. “I’ve at all times been within the seasons, and the altering of the seasons.”
1 / 4 century later, the undertaking to redevelop the Rockaway department is in the identical early part because the Excessive Line was when Mr. Sternfeld walked it. Yellow lichens dot the rusted metal like polka dots on a necktie. Flocks of blue jays march down the cover like columns of troopers, squawking and unafraid. Behind an condominium tower in Rego Park, a high-banked ridge gave manner and buried the rail line beneath a slow-moving avalanche of soil.
On a heat day final summer season, Alex Cotter left the sidewalk by Yellowstone Boulevard and scrambled onto the steep embankment to the Rockaway department, utilizing tree roots as handholds to tug himself up. He hoped to see an opossum. As a substitute he was trapped, dense Ailanthus blocking all northern progress, greenbrier thorns to the south.
“I at all times thought it might be fascinating to go up there, I simply by no means truly did it,” stated Mr. Cotter, 28, who grew up close to the road in Rego Park. “Possibly I’ll come again when it’s chilly.”
Beneath the Yellowstone Boulevard bridge lies a triangle-shaped lot that after was a dumping floor for televisions and automobile batteries. A decade of free labor turned it into the Compost Collective, the place trash is sorted by volunteers and chickens peck each other in a double-decker coop.
On the collective’s winter picnic this December, Anuradha Hashemi stood within the shadow of the quiet practice bridge and saved watch over her son’s first bonfire.
“Mother!” stated the boy, Obi, 6. “My marshmallow is on hearth!”
Within the early 2000s, Patrick Mohamed purchased a tall, slender home in Woodhaven. His again patio led to a cinder-block wall. Simply past the wall, the Rockaway department’s embankment rose in a hillside of weeds and trash.
Now Mr. Mohamed is 63, grey on the temples however nonetheless fast along with his steps. A chilly day in February discovered him in his driveway surrounded by metal barbells, finishing his each day workout routines. Mr. Mohamed walked to the again of his property, hopped two steps carved into the cinder blocks and climbed into his backyard, on land appropriated from the previous practice line.
Raised tomato beds climbed the hill like a staircase. They had been topped with trellises for lengthy beans and bitter melons and small-gauge display screen to maintain the rabbits out. The place the hill crests, fats terra cotta planters crammed with barren soil prolonged Mr. Mohamed’s area all the best way throughout the primary set of tracks.
In all places else in New York, land rights are adjudicated to the sq. inch. On the Rockaway department, issues are looser. Some householders maintain their backyards flush with the property line laid down by the railroad. Many have edged their fences again a number of toes, claiming area for a shed, a foosball desk or a rope swing. Few of Mr. Mohamed’s neighbors are wanting to see the road repurposed as a park, which could convey nosy strangers to their yard retreats.
“I’m fearful about individuals trying in, hurting our privateness,” stated Lasha Revia, 46, who carved a stone-lined terrace into the embankment the place he hosts household gatherings in summer season.
However nobody else alongside the whole three-and-a-half-mile line has pursued a marketing campaign of territorial growth as profitable as Mr. Mohamed’s.
“I constructed this over 24 years,” he stated. “I did it a little bit piece at a time.”
One man can impose solely a lot order on a spot so riotous. Somewhat than really feel discouraged by the dysfunction, Mr. Mohamed greets it with delight. In summer season, when the backyard pruning is completed, he retires to his again deck. He watches darkness descend at its personal celestial tempo.
“At evening it will get actually darkish again right here,” he stated. “We get nice stars, and the moon comes out actually clear.”

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Rabid bat found in Orange County, health officials say

A bat contaminated with rabies was discovered close to Rancho Santa Margarita Lake in Orange County this month, well being authorities mentioned.
The bat was found on April 17 and brought in for testing as a part of the county’s routine rabies surveillance effort, in line with the OC Well being Care Company. The contaminated bat’s carcass was frozen after which despatched to the California Division of Public Well being.
The OC Well being Care Company encourages anybody who made bodily contact with the bat — or noticed anybody else accomplish that — to tell its Illness Management Division to find out the chance of an infection. Homeowners of pets which will have touched the bat are additionally requested to contact well being authorities.
Rabies is sort of all the time deadly in people as soon as somebody begins to point out signs, according to the Well being Care Company. That’s why it’s essential for individuals to hunt medical help promptly after a potential publicity, officers say.
The virus is unfold by means of an contaminated animal’s saliva, normally throughout a chunk. As a result of bats have small enamel, their bites sometimes go unnoticed, heightening the chance of an infection.
As of April, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health has documented two rabid bats this 12 months, each across the Santa Clarita space. One of many bats was discovered lifeless in a residential yard, the opposite was alive within the entrance yard of a house.
In 2024, Fresno County recorded its first human rabies fatality in additional than 30 years. The particular person was contaminated after being bitten by a bat.
Human instances of rabies are uncommon, however bats are the main supply of transmission, in line with Orange County well being officers.

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