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Preventing Vision Loss in Astronauts during Spaceflight

When astronauts spend prolonged intervals of time on the Worldwide Area Station (ISS), they’re susceptible to growing Spaceflight-Related Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS), which might result in imaginative and prescient issues, together with partial lack of imaginative and prescient. Scientists have been learning this situation to grasp its causes and potential options.

Researchers, equivalent to Matt Lyon, MD, from the Medical Faculty of Georgia (MCG) at Augusta College, are collaborating with Polaris Daybreak, a non-public spaceflight initiative operated by SpaceX, to analyze SANS. Lyon and his workforce imagine that the shift in cerebrospinal fluid within the optic nerve sheath attributable to microgravity performs a key function within the improvement of imaginative and prescient points in astronauts.

To deal with this difficulty, Lyon and his colleagues are using ultrasound to picture the optic nerve and its sheath in real-time. By doing so, they hope to determine astronauts who’re extra inclined to SANS, significantly those that have skilled concussions or gentle traumatic mind accidents previously.

The answer to SANS could lie in a Decrease Physique Damaging Strain (LBNP) gadget, which counteracts the results of microgravity by creating floor response forces. Researchers are additionally growing a cell model of the LBNP swimsuit that would present astronauts with a extra versatile and efficient answer to stop imaginative and prescient loss in area.

The info collected in the course of the Polaris Daybreak mission, the place 4 non-public astronauts will probably be despatched on a extremely elliptical Earth orbit, will probably be essential in advancing our understanding of SANS and growing efficient methods to mitigate its results. Collaborative efforts between establishments just like the Medical Faculty of Georgia and initiatives like Polaris Daybreak spotlight the significance of analysis and innovation in addressing well being challenges confronted by astronauts throughout spaceflight.

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Louisiana puts man to death in state’s first nitrogen gas execution

Louisiana used nitrogen gas to place Jessie Hoffman Jr., 46, to loss of life Tuesday night within the state’s first execution in 15 years. Nitrogen fuel has been used simply 4 different instances to execute an individual in the US — all in Alabama, the one different state with a protocol for the tactic.

“It’s unlucky that unhealthy folks exist, and so they do actual unhealthy issues. When these acts of violence occur, society should not tolerate it,” Louisiana Gov. Jeff Landry stated in a press release following the execution, including, “Should you commit heinous acts of violence on this State, it is going to value you your life. Plain and easy.

Hoffman declined to provide a closing assertion earlier than the fuel started flowing and he subsequently was pronounced useless at 6:50 p.m. on the Louisiana State Penitentiary. Authorities stated the nitrogen fuel flowed for 19 minutes throughout what one official referred to as a “flawless” execution, though one witness spoke of the inmate convulsing in the course of the course of.

Hoffman’s attorneys had sought to halt the execution, saying in a collection of courtroom filings main as much as his loss of life the tactic is unconstitutional, violating the Eighth Modification’s prohibition on merciless and strange punishment. Additionally they stated it infringes on Hoffman’s freedom to apply faith, particularly his Buddhist respiratory and meditation within the moments main as much as his loss of life.

Louisiana officers keep that the tactic is painless and say it’s previous time for the state to ship justice promised to victims’ households after a decade-and-a-half hiatus. Legal professional Basic Liz Murrill says that she expects not less than 4 folks on Louisiana’s loss of life row to be executed this 12 months.

On Monday, Hoffman’s attorneys filed a slew of extra challenges in state and federal courts as a last-ditch effort to cease the execution. The nineteenth Judicial District Court docket Decide Richard “Chip” Moore thought of one of many challenges at a listening to Tuesday morning, which concerned the query of whether or not the execution as deliberate violated Hoffman’s non secular freedom below the Preservation of Non secular Freedom Act. However the state choose in Baton Rouge in the end declined to the halt the approaching process, CBS Information affiliate WAFB reported.

The choose on Monday had issued a brief restraining order — stopping the state from executing Hoffman — pending the Tuesday morning listening to. The restraining order was to run out at 9:30 a.m., with the execution scheduled to happen hours in a while Tuesday night.

After courtroom battles earlier this month, a federal choose temporarily halted Hoffman’s execution by nitrogen fuel final week, issuing a preliminary injunction to cease the state from instantly finishing up his loss of life sentence. An appeals courtroom rapidly reversed that injunction, and within the wake of Tuesday’s listening to, Hoffman’s attorneys had only one closing enchantment out to the US Supreme Court docket to halt the execution. The U.S. Supreme Court docket rejected that effort on Tuesday, declining to intervene by a 5-4 vote, The Related Press reported.

Hoffman was convicted of the 1996 homicide of Mary “Molly” Elliott, a 28-year-old promoting government, in New Orleans.

Underneath the Louisiana protocol, which is sort of similar to Alabama’s, officers had earlier stated Hoffman could be strapped to a gurney earlier than a full-face respirator masks fitted tightly on him. Pure nitrogen fuel was then pumped into the masks, forcing him to breathe it in and depriving him of the oxygen wanted to keep up bodily capabilities.

The protocol referred to as for the fuel to be administered for not less than quarter-hour or 5 minutes after the inmate’s coronary heart price reaches a flatline indication on the EKG, whichever is longer.

Every inmate put to loss of life utilizing nitrogen in Alabama had appeared to shake and gasp to various levels throughout their executions, in response to media witnesses, together with an Related Press reporter. The reactions are involuntary actions related to oxygen deprivation, state officers have stated.

At the moment, 4 states — Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and Oklahoma — particularly authorize execution by nitrogen hypoxia, in response to data compiled by the Loss of life Penalty Data Middle.

Alabama first used the deadly fuel to place Kenneth Eugene Smith to loss of life final 12 months, marking the primary time a brand new technique had been used within the U.S. since deadly injection was launched in 1982.

In an effort to renew executions, Louisiana’s GOP-dominated Legislature expanded the state’s permitted loss of life penalty strategies final 12 months to incorporate nitrogen hypoxia and electrocution. Deadly injection was already in place.

On Tuesday afternoon, a small group of execution opponents held a vigil exterior the agricultural southeast Louisiana jail at Angola, the place the state’s executions are carried out. Some handed out prayer playing cards with photographs of a smiling Hoffman and deliberate a Buddhist studying and “Meditation for Peace.

Over latest a long time, the variety of executions nationally has declined sharply amid authorized battles, a scarcity of deadly injection medication and waning public help for capital punishment. That has led a majority of states to both abolish or pause finishing up the loss of life penalty.

Hoffman was the seventh individual executed within the U.S. in 2025.

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O.C. sheriff’s deputy is stabbed; suspect at large

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Officers are looked for a transient man suspected of stabbing an Orange County sheriff’s deputy whereas she was conducting routine homeless outreach in San Clemente on Tuesday afternoon.

The incident happened round 2:15 p.m. close to the 1700 block of Avenida Estacion, in accordance with the Sheriff’s Division. The deputy suffered a non-life-threatening 1-inch laceration to her neck, was transported to a hospital and later launched, division spokesperson Matthew Parrish stated.

“All of our deputies are skilled within the totally different assets obtainable to homeless individuals,” Parrish stated. “When they’re on the market doing their patrols, we encourage them to speak to homeless individuals, see if they’re conscious of those companies and if they’re able to join them to assist.”

The division is in search of the general public’s assist in discovering the suspect, who’s described as a white man in his mid-30s with brown hair, blue eyes and a beard, about 5 toes 10 inches tall and weighing 160 kilos. He’s a identified transient within the space and was final seen carrying a black jacket and darkish pants and operating towards the storm drain close to Avenida Pico and El Camino Actual, in accordance with the division.

“If you happen to see the suspect, don’t strategy him and name 9-1-1,” the division stated in a post on X. “Thanks to the group in your help and persistence throughout this incident.”

Two close by colleges, San Clemente Excessive and Las Palmas Elementary, briefly sheltered in place whereas deputies responded to the incident, and members of the general public had been warned to keep away from the realm.

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Israeli Strikes on Gaza Kills Over 400, in Breakdown of Cease-Fire

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Israeli forces launched lethal aerial assaults throughout the Gaza Strip on Tuesday, ending a brief cease-fire with Hamas that started in January, and elevating the prospect of a return to all-out struggle.

Greater than 400 individuals, together with kids, had been killed within the strikes, Gaza’s well being ministry stated. These numbers didn’t distinguish between civilians and combatants — however the relentless Israeli bombardment produced one of many struggle’s deadliest single-day tolls.

The assaults got here after weeks of fruitless negotiations geared toward extending the delicate cease-fire, which paused 15 months of devastating combating within the territory. The truce’s first part expired in early March, nevertheless it had largely held as diplomats labored to dealer an extension to free the surviving Israeli hostages and finish the struggle.

The workplace of Benjamin Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister, stated he had ordered the army operation after Hamas’s “repeated refusal” to launch the remaining captives seized within the Oct. 7, 2023 assault on Israel and the our bodies of these hostages who’ve died. Of the 59 remaining in Gaza, fewer than half are believed to be alive.

“To any extent further, Israel will act in opposition to Hamas with rising army power,” the prime minister’s workplace stated.

In an deal with in a while Tuesday, Mr. Netanyahu urged that extra Israeli assaults in Gaza had been coming and can be carried out in tandem with negotiations with Hamas.

“That is just the start,” he stated. “We’ll preserve combating to realize all the struggle’s targets.”

Hamas officers argued that Israel had openly overturned the truce, however didn’t instantly reply militarily to the strikes. It was unclear whether or not the Palestinian armed group — badly weakened after greater than a yr of struggle — would strike again or head to the negotiating desk.

Suhail al-Hindi, a member of Hamas’s political workplace, stated the group nonetheless hoped to revive the cease-fire however reserved the fitting to reply. “Tips on how to reply is left to these on the bottom,” he stated in a telephone interview. “They know and perceive how to answer the occupation.”

Gideon Saar, Israel’s overseas minister, stated the choice to strike had been made a number of days in the past, after Hamas rejected two proposals provided by Steve Witkoff, President Trump’s Center East envoy.

“This isn’t a one-day operation,” Mr. Saar stated in a speech on Tuesday in Jerusalem. “We’ll pursue army motion within the days to come back. We discovered ourselves in a lifeless finish, with no hostages launched and no army motion. This example can not proceed.”

In Israel, family of the hostages stated the renewed Israeli assaults had heightened their fears that the remaining captives may by no means return alive. They accused Mr. Netanyahu and his authorities of abandoning the hostages, and a few gathered in rallies demanding a right away take care of Hamas to safe their freedom.

“Army motion endangers hostages’ lives and immediately harms them,” Alexander Troufanov, a hostage freed throughout the current truce, advised a crowd in Tel Aviv. “However this morning, I used to be horrified to seek out that call makers select to not hear.”

The hostages in Gaza “are going via hell due to the choice to return to combating,” he added.

The Trump administration — which has been in search of to dealer a deal between Israel and Hamas — appeared to again Israel’s determination to renew wide-scale assaults in Gaza. Karoline Leavitt, the White Home’s press secretary, stated Israel had consulted with america earlier than launching its assault.

Brian Hughes, a spokesman for the Nationwide Safety Council in Washington, blamed Hamas for Israel’s renewed assaults, saying in an announcement on Tuesday that “Hamas may have launched hostages to increase the cease-fire however as a substitute selected refusal and struggle.”

The Israeli airstrikes in Gaza started barely earlier than 2:30 a.m. native time. Their ferocity recalled the struggle’s earliest days, when Israel launched heavy assaults within the enclave. Photos from the territory confirmed individuals utilizing flashlights to look via the rubble of flattened buildings, our bodies lined up in baggage and distraught households fleeing with their belongings packed on vans.

Ramez Souri, a resident of Gaza Metropolis, within the north of the enclave, stated he had woke up to the sound of explosions, adopted by the push of ambulances.

“All of Gaza shook,” Mr. Souri stated.

Greater than 48,000 Gazans have been killed for the reason that starting of the struggle, in line with the Gaza well being ministry, and tens of millions have been displaced.

Many Gazans had returned to their devastated neighborhoods throughout the cease-fire, stated Mahmoud Basal, a spokesman for the Palestinian Civil Protection. They had been sheltering collectively within the few properties that remained standing, he stated.

“There are complete households that had been buried underneath the rubble,” Mr. Basal stated.

UNICEF stated that amongst these killed had been 130 kids, the biggest single-day little one demise toll previously yr in Gaza. The airstrikes hit shelters the place they had been sleeping with their households, UNICEF stated.

Suzanne Abu Daqqa, who lives in Abasan, a southern suburb of Khan Younis, described a sudden wave of explosions in the midst of the night time. She stated she rushed to examine the information, as did her household.

“Then we noticed it wasn’t simply in our neighborhood — it was throughout Gaza,” Ms. Abu Daqqa stated.

Among the bombs hit Abasan, she stated. On Tuesday morning, the Israeli army referred to as on residents of the realm to evacuate, calling it a “harmful fight zone.”

Lt. Col. Nadav Shoshani, a spokesman for the Israeli army, stated the bombing had focused “Hamas army commanders, officers in Hamas’s management and terrorist infrastructure.”

Hamas stated that two of the group’s senior officers killed had been members of its political bureau. Others held senior safety roles, together with one who was the director of Hamas’s feared inside safety company. One other militant group, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, additionally stated the spokesman for its army wing had been killed.

Earlier than the airstrikes started, Israel and Hamas had been making an attempt to achieve an settlement on the second part of the truce. In the course of the first part, Hamas launched greater than 30 hostages, and the stays of eight others, in trade for greater than 1,000 Palestinian prisoners held by Israel.

In the course of the second part, Israeli forces had been to completely withdraw from Gaza and Hamas was to launch the surviving hostages seized throughout the assault on Oct. 7, 2023, that killed about 1,200 individuals in Israel, kidnapped 251 others and ignited the combating.

The 2 sides haven’t been ready agree on the second part of the cease-fire. Israel remains to be vowing to destroy Hamas and is insisting on the demilitarization of Gaza. Hamas has largely refused to disband its armed battalions.

Critics of Mr. Netanyahu have argued that the prime minister has prevented a viable settlement with Hamas to finish the struggle and free extra hostages with a view to protect his political coalition, which incorporates far-right supporters of long-term Israeli rule in Gaza.

On Tuesday, Itamar Ben-Gvir introduced that his far-right Jewish Energy social gathering would rejoin Mr. Netanyahu’s authorities to assist the renewed offensive. In January, Mr. Ben-Gvir left in protest of the cease-fire with Hamas. As soon as authorized, his social gathering’s lawmakers would bolster Mr. Netanyahu’s skinny majority in Parliament.

Daniel B. Shapiro, a former U.S. ambassador to Israel, stated on Tuesday: “Hamas’s insistence on holding on to hostages as leverage, and Netanyahu’s politically pushed refusal to proceed with Section 2 of the cease-fire, which referred to as for an finish to the struggle and the discharge of all residing hostages, led to this escalation.”

Israel has killed 1000’s of Hamas’s fighters and destroyed a lot of its tunnel community, which had been used, amongst different issues, to retailer weapons. Hamas’s potential to fireplace rockets at Israel has additionally been undermined.

Mr. Saar, the Israeli overseas minister, urged that Israel would return to the negotiating desk if Hamas made main concessions over Gaza’s future.

“If we may obtain the identical targets otherwise, advantageous,” he stated. “But when it’s unimaginable to advance that method, you resume army operations.”

Hamas officers have vowed that will not occur. “Battle and destruction is not going to carry the enemy what they did not get via negotiations,” Izzat al-Rishq, a Hamas official, stated.

Reporting was contributed by Adam Rasgon, Ephrat Livni, Eric Schmitt, Julian E. Barnes, Hiba Yazbek and Johnatan Reiss.