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This Ancient Galaxy Cluster is Still Forming Stars When it Should be ‘Red and Dead’

The Phoenix Cluster is among the most large galaxy clusters recognized. Astronomers have recognized 42 member galaxies thus far, but there may very well be as many as 1,000 within the cluster. Due to its measurement and its age, it needs to be completed with the vigorous star formation attribute of younger galaxies.
Nevertheless it’s not.
Star formation wants chilly, dense gasoline. Scorching gasoline resists collapsing into stellar cores, which turn into protostars after which major sequence stars. Outdated galaxies and clusters have both used up their chilly gasoline or had it stripped away. These are known as ‘quenched’ galaxies. When it comes to star formation, galaxies could be categorized as crimson sequence, that means outdated and quenched, or blue cloud, that means there’s extra lively star formation.
The Phoenix Cluster’s central galaxy is about 5.8 billion light-years away and needs to be largely performed with star formation. Many galaxy clusters have a area of scorching gasoline within the intracluster medium (ICM). In a typical galaxy, this gasoline cools down and feeds star formation. Nonetheless, observations present that the speed of star formation in these galaxies is remarkably low, and there’s no proof of the chilly gasoline. Astronomers name this discrepancy the “cooling move downside,” and it results in this query: Why isn’t the ICM cooling and forming new stars?
The dominant reply to that is that black gap jets from lively galactic nuclei are heating the gasoline and stopping it from forming stars.
The Phoenix Cluster’s central galaxy needs to be largely performed with star formation. But it has an intensely vivid core typical of vigorous star formation. Someway, the Phoenix Cluster has a supply of chilly gasoline that’s fuelling the star delivery. Did it generate itself by some means? Is it funnelling in from youthful galaxies?
In new analysis, scientists used the JWST to probe the cluster’s coronary heart. They did so as a result of earlier observations with different telescopes confirmed that the core was terribly vivid, indicating ferocious star delivery. Since this contradicted what astronomers suppose they learn about clusters like this, their curiosity was piqued.
The analysis, printed in Nature, is titled “Directly imaging the cooling flow in the Phoenix cluster.” The lead creator is Michael Reefe, a physics graduate pupil at MIT’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Area Analysis.

Michael McDonald, affiliate professor of physics at MIT and co-author of this analysis, led the analysis workforce that found the Phoenix Cluster in 2010 utilizing the South Pole Telescope. Two years later, they noticed it once more with a number of telescopes. They discovered that the central galaxy within the cluster was unexpectedly vivid as a consequence of excessive star formation. The researchers stated that as much as 1,000 stars may very well be forming every year, an astounding quantity in comparison with the Milky Manner, which varieties fewer than 10 stars per yr in keeping with some analysis.
In earlier observations, astronomers have discovered some very popular gasoline and a few very chilly gasoline within the Phoenix Cluster. They’ve noticed pockets of ultrahot gasoline measuring about 1 million levels Fahrenheit and areas of extraordinarily chilly gasoline measuring solely 10 kelvins, or 10 levels above absolute zero. Scorching gasoline shouldn’t be uncommon since supermassive black holes (SMBHs) can emit extraordinarily energetic jets that may warmth gasoline. When a galaxy is younger, a few of this gasoline cools and varieties stars. The Phoenix Cluster’s central galaxy additionally has some cool gasoline. Earlier observations confirmed that there was no in-between heat gasoline, which is odd. Is there a solution to the cooling move downside within the Phoenix Cluster?
The researchers reasoned that if the Phoenix central galaxy is by some means producing the detected chilly gasoline, then there have to be heat gasoline that’s intermediate between the recent gasoline and the chilly gasoline. That is the place the JWST enters the image.
The JWST, with its highly effective infrared capabilities, did discover some heat gasoline. That exhibits that the cluster is ready to generate the chilly gasoline wanted for star formation as a result of the nice and cozy gasoline is proof of a transition between temperature extremes.
New JWST observations, based mostly on neon emissions, offered the primary large-scale map of gasoline at temperatures between 100,000 and 1,000,000 Kelvin within the Phoenix Cluster. They used the Medium-Decision Spectrometer on MIRI and picked up 12 hours of infrared information. They have been on the lookout for a selected wavelength of sunshine emitted by neon at round 300,000 Okay, or 540,000 F. This exhibits the presence of the intermediate heat gasoline that may be proof of cooling.
Critically, the neon is co-spatial with different options like the good gasoline and the websites of lively star formation. That is proof supporting a direct hyperlink between intermediate gasoline, its cooling, and star formation.
“This 300,000-degree gasoline is sort of a neon signal that’s glowing in a selected wavelength of sunshine, and we may see clumps and filaments of it all through our complete discipline of view,” lead creator Reefe stated in a press release. “You possibly can see it all over the place.”
![The three panels in this figure from the study go to the heart of the research. They're maps of the [Ne VI]-emitting coronal gas in the central galaxy of the Phoenix cluster overlaid with the hotter and colder gas phases and starlight. (a) shows Ne VI flux, which indicates cooling gas. (b) shows an [O II] image of the central galaxy of the Phoenix cluster in the greyscale using data from the HST Advanced Camera for Surveys. It indicates star formation. (c) shows young, actively star-forming regions in blue. Image Credit: Reefe et al. 2025](https://www.universetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Phoenix-Cluster-gas-and-stars-1024x336.jpg)
“For the primary time, we now have a whole image of the hot-to-warm-to-cold part in star formation, which has actually by no means been noticed in any galaxy,” stated Reefe. “There’s a halo of this intermediate gasoline all over the place that we are able to see.”
The truth that astronomers have been unable to see the telltale heat gasoline within the Phoenix Cluster doesn’t imply it wasn’t there. The JWST provides researchers their finest take a look at galaxies, uncovering particulars that have been beforehand hidden. Nonetheless, the query that needs to be requested is whether or not Phoenix is particular. Will the JWST discover the telltale heat gasoline in different galaxies?
“The query now’s, why this method?” added co-author McDonald. “This enormous starburst may very well be one thing each cluster goes by means of sooner or later, however we’re solely seeing it occur at the moment in a single cluster. The opposite risk is that there’s one thing divergent about this method, and the Phoenix went down a path that different programs don’t go. That might be attention-grabbing to discover.”
“Earlier to the Phoenix, essentially the most star-forming galaxy cluster within the universe had about 100 stars per yr, and even that was an outlier. The everyday quantity is one-ish,” McDonald stated. “The Phoenix is basically offset from the remainder of the inhabitants.”
This brings us to one of many unanswered questions on outdated galaxies. They need to be quenched or “crimson and useless,” however all of them aren’t. The place did this chilly gasoline come from? Did it come from exterior these galaxies?
“The query has been: The place did this chilly gasoline come from?” McDonald stated. “It’s not a on condition that scorching gasoline will ever cool, as a result of there may very well be black gap or supernova suggestions. So, there are a couple of viable choices, the best being that this chilly gasoline was flung into the middle from different close by galaxies. The opposite is that this gasoline by some means is instantly cooling from the recent gasoline within the core.”
The truth that the [Ne VI] emissions are cospatial with the websites of lively star formation suggests a latest episode of fast gasoline cooling, making a spike in cooling. The researchers say this excessive cooling us producing 20,000 photo voltaic lots of chilly gasoline every year. That exhibits that the galaxy is ready to provide its personal chilly gasoline for star formation and that it’s not coming from elsewhere. The query is, how?
The outcomes recommend that by some means, the central black gap is definitely selling cooling the gasoline relatively than heating it. “These information present a large-scale map of gasoline at temperatures between 105 kelvin and 106 kelvin in a cluster core and spotlight the vital function that black gap suggestions has in not solely regulating cooling but in addition selling it,” the authors write. “

The analysis solutions a part of the query that the Phoenix Cluster poses.
“If short-lived cooling episodes are frequent within the galaxy cluster inhabitants, offering the mandatory gasoline for ongoing AGN suggestions, then Phoenix supplies a singular window into this critically vital, however hardly ever captured, course of for understanding the formation of essentially the most large galaxies within the Universe,” the authors write of their conclusion.
“I feel we perceive fairly fully what’s going on, by way of what’s producing all these stars,” McDonald stated. “We don’t perceive why. However this new work has opened a brand new approach to observe these programs and perceive them higher.”
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The Secret, Decaying Beauty of an Abandoned Railway in Queens

This railroad observe hasn’t carried a practice throughout central Queens in 63 years, and it’s more unusual and extra stunning for it. The Lengthy Island Rail Highway’s Rockaway Seaside Department as soon as supplied a 30-minute journey from Manhattan to New York Metropolis’s ocean seashores. Alongside the best way it traversed three and a half miles of parkland valleys, earthen embankments and concrete viaducts from Forest Hills to Ozone Park.
The road was deserted in 1962. And so nature pursued its messy designs. Forests grew. Sign towers fell. Coyotes colonized the darkish bramble. In Rego Park, a bit of observe got here unmoored from its fastening pins, and the rock ballast eroded. The observe swayed free within the wind. A seedling fell between the stones. It turned a crimson maple tree that grew and caught the rail, folding the metal I-beam into its bulbous trunk.
On a cold day final winter, Jason Hofmann leaned down, framed the scene along with his iPhone and took an image.
“I like the best way the branches transfer within the wind — it creates fascinating geometry with the railroad tracks,” stated Jason, 17, who lives close by and sometimes walks the deserted tracks. “It seems like nature taking up a warfare zone.”
Many of the previous practice line is managed by New York’s Division of Citywide Administrative Companies. The center part, a mile-long stretch by way of Forest Park, is open to the general public. The remaining lies behind razor wire, wobbly fences and hillsides of poison ivy. Just a few neighbors improvise methods to get inside, as do a handful of people that sleep beneath tarps.
“It’s beautiful,” stated Travis Terry, who lives in Forest Hills, three blocks from the previous line. “It’s been untouched for 60 years, so you have got these nice timber. You’re in a forest and then you definately assume to your self, ‘Wait, I’m in New York Metropolis!’”
The locals are joined by particularly ardent city explorers, a few of whom take a number of buses and subway trains to get there. They benefit from the deserted line for its decayed magnificence, and since so few individuals comprehend it’s there.
“It’s beneath the radar as a result of it’s in Queens, and it’s laborious to get to,” stated Jeff Seal, a train-loving performer who filmed himself strolling the whole line. The video has received 12,000 views since he posted it on YouTube six years in the past, which hasn’t executed a lot to boost the Rockaway department’s profile. “I like that it’s hidden in plain sight,” he stated.
The place could not stay hidden for lengthy. Mr. Terry leads Buddies of the QueensWay, a nonprofit that hopes to show the deserted practice line right into a linear park just like the Excessive Line in Manhattan. The group has acquired $154 million in grants from town and the federal authorities, sufficient to finish the primary mile and a half of park building.
“It’s essential for us to make the most of each inch,” Mr. Terry stated.
As a result of the Rockaway department is in New York Metropolis, even this forgotten wasteland has become contested ground. A competing group, known as QueensLink, hopes to revive practice service aboveground, with a brand new tunnel connecting the department to the subway system. Price estimates begin round $4 billion and balloon to $9 billion. The group has received $400,000 to review the rail thought from the U.S. Division of Transportation — the identical company that additionally gave $117 million to QueensWay to construct its park.
“It’s a outstanding useful resource that must be used,” stated Neil C. Giannelli, 70, who has lived alongside the road for twenty-four years and helps QueensLink.
Within the meantime, the Rockaway department grows extra stunning for its disuse. To spend a yr trespassing the previous tracks is to benefit from the infinite overlapping riot of issues planted and lifeless, constructed up and falling aside.
If the Rockaway Seaside Department turns into a park in Queens it is going to be thanks partially to the success of the High Line, one other once-abandoned practice line that opened as a park beginning in 2009 and now attracts vacationers from world wide.
Robert Hammond is a co-founder of Buddies of the Excessive Line, which led the redevelopment effort. To promote his imaginative and prescient, Mr. Hammond requested the photographer Joel Sternfeld if he may take a number of snapshots of the deserted practice line.
Between his picture books and museum exhibitions, together with a present on the Museum of Trendy Artwork in 1984, Mr. Sternfeld was among the many most celebrated artwork photographers on this planet. He agreed to assist the Excessive Line, however not for cash. His solely request was time.
“I want a yr of unique entry,” Mr. Sternfeld recalled telling the group.
Mr. Sternfeld received his yr, and keys to the deserted line. The moist spring dried. Summer time weeds bloomed. Although the Excessive Line within the Nineties was a refuge for artists and teenage thrill seekers, Mr. Sternfeld’s photos included no individuals. As a substitute they centered on faint trails bushwhacked into thickets of invasive Ailanthus timber. His photos, stuffed with leaden skies and muted auburn bramble, lent the Excessive Line the mystique it wanted to land highly effective backers, Mr. Hammond stated, together with Diane von Furstenberg and Mayor Michael Bloomberg.
“For me, it was the seasons,” Mr. Sternfeld stated in a current interview. “I’ve at all times been within the seasons, and the altering of the seasons.”
1 / 4 century later, the undertaking to redevelop the Rockaway department is in the identical early part because the Excessive Line was when Mr. Sternfeld walked it. Yellow lichens dot the rusted metal like polka dots on a necktie. Flocks of blue jays march down the cover like columns of troopers, squawking and unafraid. Behind an condominium tower in Rego Park, a high-banked ridge gave manner and buried the rail line beneath a slow-moving avalanche of soil.
On a heat day final summer season, Alex Cotter left the sidewalk by Yellowstone Boulevard and scrambled onto the steep embankment to the Rockaway department, utilizing tree roots as handholds to tug himself up. He hoped to see an opossum. As a substitute he was trapped, dense Ailanthus blocking all northern progress, greenbrier thorns to the south.
“I at all times thought it might be fascinating to go up there, I simply by no means truly did it,” stated Mr. Cotter, 28, who grew up close to the road in Rego Park. “Possibly I’ll come again when it’s chilly.”
Beneath the Yellowstone Boulevard bridge lies a triangle-shaped lot that after was a dumping floor for televisions and automobile batteries. A decade of free labor turned it into the Compost Collective, the place trash is sorted by volunteers and chickens peck each other in a double-decker coop.
On the collective’s winter picnic this December, Anuradha Hashemi stood within the shadow of the quiet practice bridge and saved watch over her son’s first bonfire.
“Mother!” stated the boy, Obi, 6. “My marshmallow is on hearth!”
Within the early 2000s, Patrick Mohamed purchased a tall, slender home in Woodhaven. His again patio led to a cinder-block wall. Simply past the wall, the Rockaway department’s embankment rose in a hillside of weeds and trash.
Now Mr. Mohamed is 63, grey on the temples however nonetheless fast along with his steps. A chilly day in February discovered him in his driveway surrounded by metal barbells, finishing his each day workout routines. Mr. Mohamed walked to the again of his property, hopped two steps carved into the cinder blocks and climbed into his backyard, on land appropriated from the previous practice line.
Raised tomato beds climbed the hill like a staircase. They had been topped with trellises for lengthy beans and bitter melons and small-gauge display screen to maintain the rabbits out. The place the hill crests, fats terra cotta planters crammed with barren soil prolonged Mr. Mohamed’s area all the best way throughout the primary set of tracks.
In all places else in New York, land rights are adjudicated to the sq. inch. On the Rockaway department, issues are looser. Some householders maintain their backyards flush with the property line laid down by the railroad. Many have edged their fences again a number of toes, claiming area for a shed, a foosball desk or a rope swing. Few of Mr. Mohamed’s neighbors are wanting to see the road repurposed as a park, which could convey nosy strangers to their yard retreats.
“I’m fearful about individuals trying in, hurting our privateness,” stated Lasha Revia, 46, who carved a stone-lined terrace into the embankment the place he hosts household gatherings in summer season.
However nobody else alongside the whole three-and-a-half-mile line has pursued a marketing campaign of territorial growth as profitable as Mr. Mohamed’s.
“I constructed this over 24 years,” he stated. “I did it a little bit piece at a time.”
One man can impose solely a lot order on a spot so riotous. Somewhat than really feel discouraged by the dysfunction, Mr. Mohamed greets it with delight. In summer season, when the backyard pruning is completed, he retires to his again deck. He watches darkness descend at its personal celestial tempo.
“At evening it will get actually darkish again right here,” he stated. “We get nice stars, and the moon comes out actually clear.”

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Rabid bat found in Orange County, health officials say

A bat contaminated with rabies was discovered close to Rancho Santa Margarita Lake in Orange County this month, well being authorities mentioned.
The bat was found on April 17 and brought in for testing as a part of the county’s routine rabies surveillance effort, in line with the OC Well being Care Company. The contaminated bat’s carcass was frozen after which despatched to the California Division of Public Well being.
The OC Well being Care Company encourages anybody who made bodily contact with the bat — or noticed anybody else accomplish that — to tell its Illness Management Division to find out the chance of an infection. Homeowners of pets which will have touched the bat are additionally requested to contact well being authorities.
Rabies is sort of all the time deadly in people as soon as somebody begins to point out signs, according to the Well being Care Company. That’s why it’s essential for individuals to hunt medical help promptly after a potential publicity, officers say.
The virus is unfold by means of an contaminated animal’s saliva, normally throughout a chunk. As a result of bats have small enamel, their bites sometimes go unnoticed, heightening the chance of an infection.
As of April, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health has documented two rabid bats this 12 months, each across the Santa Clarita space. One of many bats was discovered lifeless in a residential yard, the opposite was alive within the entrance yard of a house.
In 2024, Fresno County recorded its first human rabies fatality in additional than 30 years. The particular person was contaminated after being bitten by a bat.
Human instances of rabies are uncommon, however bats are the main supply of transmission, in line with Orange County well being officers.

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