Technology
Innovation of Computers Which Changed the World & The World of Cyber Threats

As of now, the corporate sector is experiencing the advantages of computer reduction and greater mobility.
As computers, netbooks, PDAs, and smartphones have grown more and more commonplace, it has become easier to work while on the go, blurring the barrier between work and home life.
Trends in computers, we do our best to look forward one year at a time and identify the major technological developments that will have a significant impact over the next months.
If we are talking about the revolution, it’s like a moment in time at which computers bring about substantial changes to human civilization is referred to as a computer revolution.
There has been a shift from mechanical and analog electrical technologies to electronic ones, beginning in the late twentieth century, as computers and digital record-keeping became more widely accepted today.
Table of Contents
Evolution of Technology
· First PC And Digitilization
In 1972, the microprocessor was created, and the power of computers soared while their size decreased significantly.
With computing on a little chip, personal computers might be accessible to the public. This was the first time that personal computers could be offered to the general public as a product.
IBM produced the IBM PC in 1981, and Steve Jobs followed up with Apple Computer and its “Macintosh” series. (Wegberg, M. (n.d.). Evolution and Competition in the Market for Handheld Computers. Core.Com. Retrieved August 22, 2019)
· Microsoft and Apple War: The Change of Revolution In the Computer Industry
In the 1980s and 1990s, computer innovation concentrated on hardware and software. Because of Windows, computers became more widely available to the general public and enterprises. To make things like logos, product designs, word processing, report compilation, and the increasingly complicated computations required by the high-tech sector, computers were frequently being utilized by this point.
The Apple and Microsoft war in the Market Started back in the 90s when apple followed the UNIX Gui and Program it to develop their Operating System; Apple’s rapid growth and collapse. Newton is a fascinating example of how the mobile industry has evolved.
According to a Moscow report, handwriting recognition is Newton’s defining feature. In contrast, Apple licensed the Newton system on their Macintosh operating system. When it was first released, the Newton cost a hefty $699. The only way to enter data was using a mouse. The lack of a keyboard has the benefit of reducing the overall size of the Newton, though. The Newton technique was not part of Apple’s long-term strategy.
Apple raised many hopes for the Newton before it was even released. Apple is also a concern as it has a minimal relationship with the industrial computer industry.
Sharp has lent its support, but Microsoft has the backing of many industry giants. Because of Apple’s difficulties developing and promoting the Newton, competitors were given an opening. In 1996, HP introduced the Graffiti handwriting recognition software together with the GEOS operating system. It is clear from the PalmPilot’s popularity that Apple’s product lacked coherence: restricted options at a premium price.
Pen-based computers made by Microsoft, on the other hand, were the first to arrive on the market. Developing a portable computer around its software was the only economically viable option for Palm Computer. As a result of the Pilot’s popularity, many competitors have emerged. At least two attempts were made by Microsoft to fit the 16-bit Windows 3.1 operating system into a tiny space.
Modular Windows, an operating system for interactive television, and Win pad, an operating system for portable devices, were both created by it by 1992. To further extend its dominance in PCs onto handhelds, it created Microsoft Windows for Pen Computing. Intel CPUs and their corresponding memory requirements.
Windows exceeds the limitations of a portable computer. Operating systems for portable computers based on Windows 95 or Windows NT. Three operating systems have been replaced by Microsoft’s Windows CE approach.
The Psion Series 3a handheld was released in 1993, five years before introducing the Windows CE 2.0 portable. (Wegberg, M. (n.d.). Evolution and Competition in the Market for Handheld Computers. Core.Com. Retrieved August 22, 2019)
Business, Computers & Internet
The widespread usage of the Internet in the late 1990s led to an explosion of efficiency improvements, including the capacity to coordinate design, manufacture, distribution, and sales via computer systems and the networks that linked them. As a result of real-time global commerce, national governments’ influence was reduced.
As bandwidths increased, teleconferencing and telecommuting became inexpensive and effective, enabling outsourcing and other 21st-century commercial practices.
Problem Statement
As the world is moving towards advanced technologies in 21st century, The protection of sensitive information is one of the primary concerns of any government, particularly given the increasing prevalence of digital formats and cyberspace for the storage and transmission of data throughout the globe.
Cybersecurity is essential for today’s businesses as the world is growing in the technology sector and expanding. Theft of proprietary data, identity theft, and other cybercrimes are rampant, costing organizations millions of dollars each year.
People should be able to feel comfortable while connecting with other users anywhere around the globe, which is made possible by many of the social media platforms available today and security solutions.
The illegal activities discussed here have as their primary objective social media platforms to access confidential information and target different organizations. In addition to using social media, users looked for advice on how to exercise the necessary level of care while doing other kinds of transactions online, such as banking transactions.
References: europarl.europa.eu
Problems Faced in Cybersecurity
In general, there are two different sorts of risks associated with cybersecurity. The first of these risks is known as actioned means, for they are suggested to create bad effects on digital media systems. The second type of risk is known as some course of action, which is a necessity for exploiting the infrastructure of cyber or some harmful purposes without having any kind of damage which may have the repercussions at once result on the functioning of a system like there was a Trojan Horse, and it is beneficial for making negative impacts.
The purpose of passing on uncertain messages that link political and detest discourse, supplying suggestive excitement to minors, and having an infringement of copyrights are all examples of ways that the Internet and other forms of digital media may be used inappropriately. Other ways that the Internet can be misused include using it to submit any extortion like taking, planning mental oppressor, and having an entrance of copyrights.
Objective of Research
Endpoint Solutions Security AI-Based Applications
To automate the threats, programming devices are being used. With this product and preconfigured cyberattacks, a single guilty person may attack several PC frameworks in a single day by using a single PC. If the guilty person can access at least one computer.
Not all assaults are successful since most products are readily accessible, but the method for cyberattacks is effective. The AI-Based Software Solutions like Endpoint Security offered by several companies like Microsoft, Fire eye, Kaspersky, and some others which helps organizations gets secured and Most Advanced Version Self Learning AI Based Technology.
When clients update their systems and applications often, they reduce the risk of becoming victims of these large-scale assaults since the business also does security software inspections and plans for them in advance.
Question Research
- In what ways will cyber security evolve over time?
- What are some of the biggest hurdles to adopting cybersecurity?
- In 2022, what are the most serious cybersecurity threats?
- What are the most essential features of cyber security?
- Exactly what kinds of companies are most vulnerable to a cyberattack?
- What are the Future of Upcoming Computers?
Methodology:
In recent years, businesses have become increasingly reliant on technology. From online banking and shopping to using cloud-based storage, businesses rely on technology for almost everything. This makes businesses a prime target for cyberattacks.
A cyberattack can cause significant financial damage, jeopardize the safety of employees and customers, and damage a company’s reputation. The most serious cybersecurity threats are Phishing Attacks, Malware Attacks, Ransomware, Weak Passwords, and Insider Threats, and There are a lot of methods that is invented.
Despite the risks, many businesses do not take the necessary precautions to protect themselves from cyberattacks.
One reason for this is that many business owners underestimate the risk of a cyberattack or do not understand the magnitude of the damage that can be caused.
Another reason is that businesses often do not have the budget to invest in cybersecurity measures.
However, it is important for businesses to realize that cybersecurity is not an option but rather a necessity in today’s world.
Microsoft and other companies have developed advanced AI Based Security Solutions for Corporations and Organizations in order to protect:
It is the goal to introduce additional design phase efforts for new cyber physical systems with a fast and efficient procedure that satisfies the system’s cyber security needs.
When designing a new system, the various components of cyber security (e.g., cyber-attack protection, cyber-attack resilience) should be combined in order to get the optimum results. Important early choices about system architecture may be made at this phase of the system design process. Some examples of these initial decisions include the following:
- The separation and isolation of hardware and software that supports distinct system functions;
- History of cyber assaults must be considered while purchasing off-the-shelf items.
- With particular solutions to be picked after the concept is mature, reliance on defensive capabilities
- When developing a new system, how much attention and resources should be placed on the software development process? (Quality assurance tools, testing, developer skills, life cycle support, etc.),
- Specification requirements for resilience-related capabilities, both present and future, in order to make it easier to add more capabilities in the future.
- Taking into account the characteristics of resilience that are connected to the operator via the use of fast prototyping trials and exercise-related support tools.
Data Analysis:

Reference: voxeu.org
Reference: Bitdefender
Cyber Attacks Worldwide Graph

Reference: IBM Security
Conclusion
Because of the increasing global connectivity, the issue of cybersecurity has become more important.
More and more important transactions are being carried out on personal computer systems. Companies are being forced to consider the safety of their computer systems because of the proliferation of innovative technologies, the development of more advanced digital security tools, and the daily discovery of new digital threats.
As a result, these companies require advanced platforms and tools to secure their computer systems.
There is currently no conclusive response available to digital assaults. In any event, we need to do all in our power to reduce the amount of cybercrime.
References
- https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6908827.pdf
- https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20220120STO21428/cybersecurity-main-and-emerging-threats-in-2021-infographic
- https://www.microsoft.com/en-ww/security/business/microsoft-endpoint-manager
- https://www.cio.com/article/242299/history-of-apple-and-microsoft-4-decades-of-peaks-and-valleys.html
- https://www.kaspersky.com/small-to-medium-business-security
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3327960.3332393
- https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1057439.pdf
- https://voxeu.org/article/anatomy-cyber-risk
Research and Term Paper By Ali Ahmed (Author) – NU

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Technology
Week in Review: Meta reveals its Oakley smart glasses

Welcome back to Week in Review! Lots in store for you today, including Wix’s latest acquisition, Meta’s new smart glasses, a look at the new Digg, and much more. Have a great weekend!
Smart specs: Meta and Oakley have teamed up on a new pair of smart glasses that can record 3K video, play music, handle calls, and respond to Meta AI prompts. They start at $399 and have double the battery life of Meta’s Ray-Bans. A $499 limited-edition Oakley Meta HSTN model will be available starting July 11.
Unicorn watch: Wix bought 6-month-old solo startup Base44 for $80 million in cash after it quickly gained traction as a no-code AI tool for building web apps. Created by a single founder and already profitable, Base44’s rapid rise made scooping it up irresistible.
Sand to the rescue: Finland just turned on the world’s largest sand battery — yes, actual sand — which stores heat to help power the small town of Pornainen’s heating system and cut its carbon emissions. The low-tech, low-cost system is built from discarded fireplace soapstone, is housed in a giant silo, and can store heat for weeks, proving you don’t need fancy lithium to fight climate change. You just need a pile of hot rocks.
This is TechCrunch’s Week in Review, where we recap the week’s biggest news. Want this delivered as a newsletter to your inbox every Saturday? Sign up here.
News

We’re back, baby: VanMoof is back from the brink with the S6, its first e-bike since bankruptcy — and it’s sticking to its signature custom design, despite that being what nearly killed the company. Backed by McLaren tech and a beefed-up repair network, the new VanMoof promises smoother rides, smarter features, and (hopefully) fewer stranded cyclists.
Space lasers: Baiju Bhatt, best known for co-founding Robinhood, is now building lasers in space. His new startup, Aetherflux, has raised $60 million to prove that beaming solar power from orbit isn’t a fantasy, with a demo satellite set to launch next year and early backing from the Department of Defense.
Oh no: One of SpaceX’s Starship rockets exploded during a test in Texas, likely pushing back the vehicle’s next launch, which had been tentatively set for June 29. SpaceX says the blast, caused by a pressurized tank failure, didn’t injure anyone, but it’s yet another setback in a rocky year for the company’s ambitious mega-rocket program.
That lossless feeling: Spotify’s long-awaited lossless audio tier still hasn’t launched, but fresh hints buried in the latest app code suggest that it’s under active development and could be closer than ever. But with years of delays and no official timeline, fans might want to temper their excitement until Spotify confirms the rollout.
I can Digg it: Digg’s reboot has entered alpha testing with a fresh iOS app aimed at becoming an AI-era Reddit alternative. The app offers a clean, simple design with curated communities, AI-powered article summaries, and gamified features like “Gems” and daily leaderboards.
We want you: The U.S. Navy is speeding up how it works with startups, cutting red tape and zeroing in on real wins like saved time and better morale. Department of the Navy CTO Justin Fanelli says it’s leading with problems, hunting for game-changing tech in AI, GPS, and system upgrades. And with Silicon Valley finally paying attention, the Navy’s becoming a go-to partner for innovators ready to shake things up.
Cash ain’t king: Mark Zuckerberg is throwing out massive cash — up to $100 million — to lure top AI talent from OpenAI and DeepMind. But OpenAI’s Sam Altman says none of his key people have bitten, praising his team’s mission over money. Meanwhile, OpenAI keeps pushing ahead with new AI models and even hints at launching an AI-powered social app that could outpace Meta’s own shaky attempts.
Before you go

San Francisco’s latest startup saga? Cluely’s after-party for YC’s AI Startup School blew up on Twitter, drawing 2,000 party crashers, but it became the “most legendary party that never happened” after getting shut down by cops before a single drink was spilled. Founder Roy Lee’s viral marketing may have promised chaos, but the real party’s waiting. Maybe once the weather warms up?

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Technology
2 days left to save up to $210 on your TC All Stage pass

Time is almost up! Regular bird pricing for TechCrunch All Stage ends this Sunday, June 22, at 11:59 p.m. PT. That means you have just 2 days left to lock in savings of up to $210 on your ticket to one of the ultimate founder events of the summer.
TC All Stage lands in Boston at SoWa Power Station on July 15 for one action-packed day built for founders, investors, and startup operators who want more than surface-level inspiration. Expect tactical sessions, real conversations, and curated connections — all under one roof.
If you’re a founder, investor, or startup operator, this is your moment to get in the room. Secure your pass now and save up to $210.
Here’s what makes TC All Stage a can’t-miss event
At TC All Stage, we’re not interested in vague predictions or padded panels. We’re focused on what’s actually working right now — and who’s making it happen.
Visit the TC All Stage agenda page to see the full lineup of roundtables and sessions, but in the meantime, you can expect sessions like these:
- “How to Actually Raise Right Now” — insights into navigating the current investment landscape
- “Brand vs. Growth: What Early Startups Should Prioritize” — smart takes on strategic focus
- “AI Isn’t the Strategy: It’s the Tool” — a realistic look at integrating emerging tech into your roadmap
- “Scaling with Soul” — how to grow fast without losing your team, your culture, or your mission
Hear from the people who get it
We’re bringing in the founders, investors, and operators with firsthand insight on what it takes to build and scale today. Some of the speakers you’ll hear from include:
But it’s more than what happens on stage
Throughout the day, you’ll dive into expert-led roundtables, founder-focused breakouts, and high-energy networking. Test your pitch in front of investors during networking meetings, or see how yours stacks up while watching startups compete in the “So You Think You Can Pitch” showdown. Then, close out the day with curated Side Events across Boston — from happy hours to VIP meetups.
Don’t miss your chance to connect, grow, and scale at TC All Stage. Prices jump in just 2 days — Sunday, June 22, at 11:59 p.m. PT. Save up to $210 and get your ticket now.

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Technology
Rippling spy says men have been following him, and his wife is afraid

If becoming a spy sounds like an exciting way to live like a le Carré character, let this newest affidavit from confessed Rippling spy Keith O’Brien serve as a warning.
On Friday, an Irish judge granted O’Brien a restraining order against several men who have not yet been identified, according to the court order seen by TechCrunch. O’Brien testified that multiple men — two in a gray Skoda Superb on one occasion, and more often, a short-haired, heavy-set man in a black SUV, sometimes accompanied by a large dog — had repeatedly followed his car and watched his home.
O’Brien’s story has captured the imagination of the tech industry after his colorful confession in April, in which he alleged that he was a spy for Deel. He said he was paid €5,000 a month to steal Rippling’s internal data on everything from products to customers. Rippling caught him by setting up a honeypot Slack channel. On the day he was caught, O’Brien pretended to flush his phone down the corporate toilet and later smashed it, dropping pieces down the drain at his mother-in-law’s house, according to his affidavit.
Now he’s the star witness for Rippling in its lawsuit against Deel. Rippling is even picking up the tab for his legal and related expenses, its lawyers testified. Deel is also countersuing Rippling, claiming it was spied on too, by a Rippling employee impersonating a customer. The two HR tech companies have been bitter rivals for years after Deel — once a Rippling customer — began offering competing products.
In the latest part of the saga, O’Brien testified that he tried to lose the black SUV following his car by making sudden turns and taking roundabout ways to get home, only to see it reappear in his rearview mirror. He hired a security consulting company and feared that someone was placing tracking devices on his car.
O’Brien claims all of these incidents have created “emotional and psychological” damage for himself and his wife. “We have been experiencing anxiety at home and in public. It has affected our sleep and our concentration,” O’Brien said in his latest affidavit. They are fearful for the safety of their four children.
He and his lawyer speculated that this was intended as harassment related to his role as star witness. However, O’Brien’s lawyer also admitted in court that they had no evidence tying the men to Deel. Deel also denied knowing anything about the man in the black SUV.
According to the Irish publication Business Post, when granting the injunction, the judge apparently said, “As if they are in a 1970s cops and robbers” TV show.
Whatever happens in the dueling court cases, O’Brien has made himself the rope in a bitter tug of war between these two well-funded HR startups. And from what he says in his testimony, it sounds painful.

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