Beginning Sunday, most drivers should pay $9 to enter the busiest a part of Manhattan. That a lot is obvious.

However nearly the whole lot else about New York Metropolis’s congestion-pricing plan, the primary of its variety in the US, continues to be fiercely debated.

Transportation, enterprise and civic leaders, in addition to long-suffering subway and bus riders, take into account the tolling plan a long-overdue step towards unclogging the town’s gridlocked streets, elevating billions of {dollars} for an ageing transit system and inspiring a extra sustainable future with fewer vehicles.

“Congestion pricing will lastly deal with the gridlock that’s slowing down emergency autos, polluting air and losing individuals’s time in site visitors,” mentioned John J. McCarthy, the chief of coverage and exterior relations for the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which can oversee this system.

However suburban commuters, residents of the town’s so-called transit deserts and public officers of each events say congestion pricing will do little to scale back site visitors whereas punishing drivers from exterior Manhattan with few different journey choices. These critics have referred to as the tolling plan a money-grab by the M.T.A., a state company with a historical past of economic issues.

“That is simply merely a misguided coverage,” mentioned Ed Day, the Rockland County govt. He has sued to halt this system, which, he mentioned, “raises critical questions on equity, priorities and accountability.”

The New York program is being intently adopted by officers and advocates in different U.S. cities who’re grappling with their very own site visitors issues in a rustic the place the automobile is king. A number of cities, together with Washington and San Francisco, explored the idea earlier than the coronavirus pandemic interrupted these efforts.

Congestion pricing is being launched at a time when New York Metropolis’s streets are extra clogged than ever. From Fifth Avenue to the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, site visitors has rebounded sharply after largely disappearing in the course of the depths of the pandemic.

The town’s site visitors is now so thick that New York was named the world’s most congested metropolis in a 2023 traffic scorecard compiled by the transportation information analytics agency INRIX, beating out London, Paris and Mexico Metropolis.

Drivers misplaced 101 hours on common sitting in site visitors in New York that yr, greater than double the nationwide common of 42 hours, in keeping with the scorecard. All that idle time translated to $1,762 per driver in misplaced wages, productiveness and different prices, and a $9.1 billion general loss for the town.

Samuel I. Schwartz, a former metropolis site visitors commissioner who helps congestion pricing, mentioned that any enchancment in site visitors can be welcome. Throughout the congestion zone, the typical journey pace has dropped to beneath 7 miles an hour for the primary time since data have been stored within the Seventies, he mentioned. The slowest site visitors crawls alongside at simply 4.7 miles per hour in Midtown.

“Visitors is worse than it’s ever been,” he mentioned.

William Vickrey, a Columbia College professor and winner of the Nobel in financial sciences, got here up with the thought for congestion pricing within the Fifties. But it surely has languished in New York at the same time as traffic-choked cities around the globe, together with London, Stockholm and Singapore, embraced it.

The thought gained momentum in New York briefly in 2007 when Michael R. Bloomberg, the mayor on the time, unveiled a congestion-pricing plan, solely to see it falter within the State Legislature. A decade later, Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo revisited it amid a disaster in subway service. The tolling plan was lastly accepted as part of the 2019 state budget.

Shortly earlier than the plan was to begin in June, Governor Kathy Hochul, a Democrat, delayed it, saying the tolls might damage the town’s economic system. Some critics mentioned the plan, which polls confirmed was broadly unpopular, would damage Democratic candidates within the November election.

Ms. Hochul, beneath strain from transit advocates, revived congestion pricing in November. To make the tolls extra palatable, she slashed them 40 % throughout the board.

Most passenger vehicles will now need to pay $9 to enter Manhattan south of sixtieth Avenue at peak hours, fairly than the unique $15. Small vans should pay $14.40; massive vans, $21.60. Discounted charges shall be supplied in a single day when there’s much less site visitors.

M.T.A. leaders anticipate the brand new tolls to assist generate $15 billion via bond financing that may pay for an extended record of transit repairs and enhancements, together with modernizing subway indicators and stations and increasing the electrical bus fleet.

The plan has been politically contentious with many Republicans, and a few Democrats, calling it one other tax on drivers. President-elect Donald J. Trump has vowed to kill it when he takes workplace this month, saying it will drive guests and companies from Manhattan.

No less than 10 lawsuits have been filed looking for to maintain congestion pricing from taking impact. The plaintiffs span an array of opponents, together with Vito J. Fossella, the Staten Island borough president, Michael Mulgrew, the president of the United Federation of Academics, and the Trucking Association of New York, a commerce group representing supply firms.

The newest authorized problem to this system got here Friday when New Jersey officers sought a last-minute injunction based mostly on what they mentioned was congestion pricing’s potential environmental impression on their state. The decide, who final week ordered federal transportation officers to evaluate and clarify some facets of this system, denied the movement.

It can most probably be unclear for a while whether or not the tolls considerably cut back site visitors and by how a lot. Decreasing them will in all probability deter fewer drivers.

State officers mentioned the unique plan was anticipated to scale back the variety of autos within the congestion zone by roughly 17 %. The scaled-back program is predicted to chop site visitors by no less than 13 %.

Mr. Day, of Rockland County, and different opponents have criticized the toll costs, saying that drivers pays the identical charges irrespective of how a lot time they spend within the congestion zone, or how a lot they drive round inside it and contribute to congestion.

Final week, Ms. Hochul ruled out a surge pricing option that might have allowed for a 25 % surcharge on heavy site visitors days.

The tolling plan additionally doesn’t immediately cost drivers and house owners of for-hire autos, which have exploded on metropolis streets since Uber’s arrival in 2011. As an alternative, a small per-trip price — $1.50 for Ubers and Lyfts; 75 cents for taxis — shall be added to every fare and paid by passengers.

Many supporters imagine the tolling program will create an essential long-term income stream for transit enhancements.

“Congestion pricing is an excellent method of elevating cash for the M.T.A.,” mentioned Rachael Fauss, a senior coverage adviser for Reinvent Albany, a authorities watchdog group. “It’s a income supply that isn’t tied to ridership. That is precisely the kind of financing you need as a result of it’s a steady, confirmed income supply.”

Opponents counter that the M.T.A. ought to discover higher methods to spend the cash it already has. The critics fault the authority for expensive operations and spending on initiatives that routinely go over budget.

M.T.A. officers have mentioned they’ve improved effectivity lately, together with on a few of their largest initiatives, like an expansion of the Long Island Rail Road in 2022 that was accomplished $100 million beneath price range.

Now, with hours to go earlier than the tolling program turns into actuality, each side of the congestion pricing divide are preparing. Some supporters deliberate to collect early Sunday at a tolling website alongside sixtieth Avenue to mark the official begin of this system.

Mr. Schwartz won’t be there. After a long time of calling for congestion pricing, he was not anticipating it to lastly occur whereas he was away on trip in Aruba for the vacations.

On Friday afternoon, Mr. Schwartz emailed: “I’ve received my bottle of champagne on ice!”

Wesley Parnell contributed reporting.