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Opinion: Exploring the Transformation of a Moroccan Pirate Queen into the ‘Spirit of California’

From a Diego Rivera mural hidden within the City Club of San Francisco emerges a powerful figure known as the ‘Spirit of California’. This depiction, titled “The Allegory of California”, showcases a woman surrounded by working men and symbols of progress, offering a glimpse into California’s past beyond the Gold Rush.

The central character in the mural draws inspiration from “The Adventures of Esplandián”, a 16th-century novel by Castilian author Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The protagonist, Queen Calafia, is a fierce Muslim queen from a land of bounty called California, who leads an army of women against the Spanish forces.

Scholars believe that Queen Calafia was based on a real historical figure, Sayyida al Hurra, a Moroccan pirate queen who sought revenge against the Spanish for displacing her family. Al Hurra rose to power in Tétouan, Morocco, becoming a privateer who raided Spanish territories in the Mediterranean alongside figures like Barbarossa.

The parallels between Queen Calafia and Sayyida al Hurra are striking. Both were strong Muslim women who defied Spanish forces on land and sea, only to eventually lose power to external forces. Montalvo’s fictional tale and Al Hurra’s true story intertwine in a narrative of resistance and vengeance.

The story of California’s origin is rooted in European colonization and displacement. Spanish conquerors forcibly Christianized and subjugated indigenous tribes along the West Coast, erasing their histories in favor of a narrative of discovery and progress. The echoes of this violent past are reflected in the mythologies surrounding the state’s name.

The recent resurgence of interest in the figure of Calafia reflects a growing awareness of marginalized histories in American society. Rivera’s portrayal of the Spirit of California, where the once-powerful queen is reduced to a symbol of beauty and progress, resonates with the erasure of feminine and Indigenous power in history.

Valorie Castellanos Clark, a writer and historian from Los Angeles, delves into the complex narrative of California’s ‘Spirit’ in her forthcoming book “Unruly Figures: Twenty Tales of Rebels, Rulebreakers, and Revolutionaries You’ve (Probably) Never Heard Of”. Through her research, she sheds light on the untold stories of resistance and empowerment woven into the fabric of California’s history.

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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and Protesters reach an agreement to dismantle encampment

Protesters at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee have agreed to end their pro-Palestinian encampment following an agreement reached with the school, university officials announced on Sunday. The encampment, which had been in place for two weeks, will be dismantled by Tuesday, marking the end of what was believed to be the last standing encampment at a Wisconsin college.

University officials had allowed the encampment to remain on a patch of lawn between Mitchell Hall and a busy thoroughfare on the campus’s southern boundary, opting not to involve law enforcement. This approach differed from the response at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where police were called in to remove tents after negotiations fell through. Despite initial efforts to disband the encampment, Wisconsin-Madison eventually reached an agreement with protesters to voluntarily dismantle the camp prior to commencement ceremonies.

Chancellor Mark Mone of Wisconsin-Milwaukee stated last Wednesday that the university had exhibited “the widest possible amount of patience and restraint.” However, he also cautioned that patience was wearing thin and hinted at potential action by the school. Following discussions with the UWM Popular University for Palestine Coalition, the university agreed to advocate for a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas, condemn the destruction of schools and universities in Gaza by Israeli forces, and hold meetings with protest leaders regarding university investments.

Additionally, the university pledged to urge the Water Council, a Milwaukee organization of water technology companies, to sever connections with two Israeli government-owned entities, Mekorot and the Israel Innovation Authority. Chancellor Mone serves as the treasurer on the Water Council’s board of directors.

In return for these commitments, the protesters agreed to dismantle the encampment beginning on Sunday and completing the process by Tuesday. They also agreed not to disrupt the university’s commencement ceremonies scheduled for Sunday. In a statement, the protesters expressed their satisfaction with the agreement, stating, “After hard fought edits and careful consideration by the coalition, we determined we had obtained all possible benefits from the encampment.”

The resolution of the encampment at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee represents a successful outcome of negotiations between university officials and protesters. By reaching a compromise that addresses the concerns of both parties, a peaceful resolution has been achieved, allowing for the encampment to be taken down without incident.

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