News
A Glorious Spiral of Star Formation
To understand how stars form, astronomers need to watch the process play out in galaxies. That simple fact is behind PHANGS, the Physics at High Angular resolution in Nearby GalaxieS survey. It’s a large-scale, multiwavelength, multitelescope survey of dozens of nearby spiral galaxies. Its targets are galaxies close enough that star-forming features like giant molecular clouds (GMCs), HII regions, and stellar clusters can be resolved.
PHANGS started years ago with observations from telescopes like ALMA and the Hubble. When the JWST was launched, it participated as well. The core question that PHANGS is addressing is simple: How exactly does gas become stars, and how does stellar feedback modulate the process?
PHANGS has generated catalogs of data that’s been cited in more than 150 scientific papers. It’s been a huge success for astronomers who study stellar formation and feedback. But it’s also generated a collection of gorgeous images, many of which have been featured as a Picture of the Week (POTW), Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD), as well as other featured images, and even an ESA/Hubble calendar. There’s also a postage stamp featuring the JWST’s image of NGC 628.
The JWST’s image of the spiral galaxy NGC 628 is featured in a US Postal Service stamp. Image Credit: NASA, ESA, Canadian Space Agency, and Space Telescope Science Institute. US Postal Service.
The JWST has made an important contribution to PHANGS. It’s kind of like the missing link in the survey, because it can see inside dust better than other telescopes. That means it can see earlier stages of star formation than its comrades.
But as Universe Today readers know, the telescope’s portraits of spiral galaxies are delicious as stand alone images, even without the scientific context. We were all excited by the galactic portraits the JWST gifted us in 2023. They placed Nature’s creative glory on a pedestal where it belongs.
This mosaic shows 19 galaxies imaged in near- and mid-infrared light by the JWST as part of PHANGS. There’s so much beauty and detail it’s hard to digest it all. Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, J. Lee (STScI), T. Williams (Oxford), PHANGS Team, E. Wheatley (STScI)
The latest ESA Picture of the Month features NGC 5134, a spiral galaxy about 65 million years away. The JWST captured in both near-infrared and mid-infrared light. MIRI, the telescope’s Mid-Infrared Instrument, captures the light emitted by warm dust in the galaxy. It shows the clumps and strands of gas woven throughout the galaxy. NIR, the Near-Infrared Instrument, captures the light from the clusters of stars that populate the spiral arms.
Galaxies like NGC 5134 feature a constant ebb and flow of gas. It’s almost like a vast circulatory system, where gas moves around and is recycled through heating and cooling phases by galactic feedback. Individual stars play an important role in this with their stellar winds and supernove explosions.
The billowing clouds of gas in the spiral arms is where most of the star forming action takes place. Populations of stars differ in different parts of the arms. To understand that, we have to understand something critical about spiral galaxies: the arms don’t rotate.
Even though they look like giant rotating pinwheels, that’s not what spiral galaxies are. The arms don’t rotate, only density waves do. The waves sweep through the galaxy, compressing gas and the arms respond to this by forming stars.
The inner edge of the arms is pre-stellar. There are few stars here yet and the region is traced by their CO emissions, captured by ALMA and the JWST. Some of the interstellar medium is becoming compressed and is visible as dark streaks.
Within each arm is the active star formation region. The compressed gas collapses to form hot young stars, and the region also contains ionized nebulae, stellar clusters, protostars, and clusters still embedded in thick dust, made visible by the JWST.
The trailing edge is where star formation has fallen off. This is where we find older OB stars, stars that are drifting away from their birth clusters, and supernovae remnants and bubbles.
Outside of the main arms is where we find intermediate stars like F, G, and K stars. It’s also home to older red giants and AGB stars, along with old open clusters and diffuse gas. There are very few giant molecular star-forming clouds here.
*The ESA’s Picture of the Month comes from the JWST and its effort to understand all the complexity involved in star formation. In the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 5134, gas is recycled through hot and cold phases as it moves around the galaxy. The gas is compressed inside the spiral arms, where hot young stars form. The spiral arms don’t actually move, rather density waves move through the galaxy’s matter in a spiral pattern. Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, A. Leroy*
This JWST Picture of the Month comes from observing program GO 3707. It’s focused on how gas moves around in galaxies, which is clearly an important part of star formation. The JWST gathered important information relevant to star formation, including detailed information on star clusters, the shape and form of the clouds that stars form in, the links between gas and dust in the interstellar medium, and how energetic newly-formed stars shape their surroundings.
Most galaxies are beyond the reach of even the JWST. The telescope can capture images of them, but rich scientific detail is only available for closer ones like NGC 5134 and the other spirals in PHANGS. What researchers learn from nearby galaxies can be applied to galaxies well out of reach, including the ones that fill the background of this Picture of the Month.
What we learn from these galaxies also helps us understand our own Milky Way galaxy. In some ways, it’s more challenging to understand because we’re inside of it.
The Milky Way is also a spiral, as far as we can tell, though some of the details are fuzzy. The star formation process is the same here as it is elsewhere, and is shaped by the spiral density waves. If we had a telescope far enough away, the Milky Way would likely appear every bit as glorious as NGC 5134 does.
Maybe somewhere out there in the cosmic expanse, another intelligent species like us, lacking in wisdom but technologically advanced, is gazing at our galaxy right now. Maybe they’re celebrating the Milky Way as an example of Nature’s creative power.
Or maybe not.
News
Convicted murderer who cut GPS ankle monitor caught after fleeing classes at Orange County college

Authorities have caught a convicted murderer who was on probation but cut off his GPS ankle monitor and disappeared while attending classes at an Orange County community college.
Jose Angel Aguilar, 22, was found around 11 p.m. Thursday and taken into custody without incident after Anaheim SWAT officers executed a search warrant at a motel room where the youth had been observed, according to the Orange County Probation Department.
Aguilar fled Tuesday from Santiago Canyon College while on a court-approved academic furlough from a juvenile probation facility, according to the Orange County Probation Department.
A juvenile court granted a furlough for Aguilar in February, allowing him to leave custody weekly to attend college courses, officials said.
But probation officials had asked the court to revoke the arrangement several days ago after what they described as potential violations. No details were provided.
“On March 10, 2026, Jose Angel Aguilar, a youth wearing a GPS device and on a court-ordered furlough, cut off his GPS device and absconded while attending classes at Santiago Canyon College,” the department said in a statement.
Aguilar had been serving time in an Orange County juvenile facility for a murder committed in 2021, authorities said.
The community college’s District Safety & Security office issued a RAVE Alert out of an abundance of caution, said Eugene Fields, a public information officer for Santiago Canyon College.
“There was no identified threat to the campus community, and campus operations continued normally,” Fields said.
The college is reviewing coordination and notification procedures related to the program and will continue working with appropriate partners to support campus safety, according to Fields.
Probation officials said they requested the court vacate the furlough program on March 6, but the request was not approved before Aguilar fled.
The incident has drawn concern from some local officials.
Orange County Supervisor Don Wagner said he first heard about the educational furlough program when he learned Aguilar had cut off his ankle monitor and fled.
The county has limited authority over the program because decisions about educational furloughs are made by the courts, according to Wagner.
“We had no say. It’s state law and the decisions come from the court,” Wagner said.
Wagner said he has spoken with the Orange County district attorney about reviewing the program and is exploring whether legislation could update or potentially eliminate it.
“I hope they rethink the program,” he said. “I don’t like the risk it puts my community at.”
News
Mussolini Would Have Loved Trump’s Ballroom
Trump’s plans for Washington bring to mind what Mussolini did — and tried to do — to Rome.
News
ESA’s Mars orbiters watch solar superstorm hit the Red Planet
In May 2024, people worldwide witnessed beautiful aurorae that appeared far beyond Earth’s polar regions. Even the Aurora Borealis, which is usually confined to the Arctic Circle, was visible as far south as Mexico. This rare event was the result of a massive solar storm, the most powerful recorded in over 20 years. As always, this storm bombarded Earth with charged solar particles that interacted with the planet’s magnetosphere. The storm also reached Mars, which was witnessed by two orbiters operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) – the Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO).
Working in tandem, the two spacecraft captured images of the event and obtained detailed information on the amount of radiation that reached Mars: the equivalent of 200 days of what is regularly exposed to in just 64 hours. The data was presented in a study published in Nature Communications, where an international team of researchers used a method pioneered by the ESA to reveal how this storm affected Mars. The results could lead to a better understanding of space weather and how solar storms interact with planets.
The technique is known as radio occultation, in which the Mars Express probe beamed a radio signal to the TGO as it disappeared over the Martian horizon. While the ESA routinely uses orbiter-to-orbiter radio occultation at Earth, this was one of the few instances in which it was used around Mars. Basically, the radio signal was refracted by layers in Mars’ atmosphere before being picked up by TGO, allowing scientists to learn more about each layer. Data from NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission was also used to confirm the electron densities.
*To study Mars’s atmosphere, ESA’s two Mars orbiters make use of a technique called ‘radio occultation.’ Credit:ESA*
Colin Wilson, an ESA project scientist for Mars Express and TGO and a co-author of the study, said in an ESA press release:
This technique has actually been used for decades to explore the Solar System, but using signals beamed from a spacecraft to Earth. It’s only in the past five years or so that we’ve started using it at Mars between two spacecraft, such as Mars Express and TGO, which usually use those radios to beam data between orbiters and rovers. It’s great to see it in action.
The superstorm coincided with the hyperactive sunspot region AR3664 returning to the Sun’s Earth-facing side. The blast sent out a class X2.9 flare and a large cloud of material – aka. a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) – towards Earth and Mars. On Mars, the storm caused a dramatic increase in electrons in two layers of its atmosphere – 110 and 130 km (68 and 80 mi) above the surface – of 45% and 278% (respectively), the most electrons that have ever been observed in this region of the Martian atmosphere. Said ESA Research Fellow Jacob Parrott, the lead author of the study:
The impact was remarkable: Mars’s upper atmosphere was flooded by electrons. It was the biggest response to a solar storm we’ve ever seen at Mars. The storm also caused computer errors for both orbiters – a typical peril of space weather, as the particles involved are so energetic and hard to predict. Luckily, the spacecraft were designed with this in mind, and built with radiation-resistant components and specific systems for detecting and fixing these errors. They recovered fast.
*ESA’s Swarm satellites map Earth’s magnetic field as it is warped by the solar storm of May 2024. Credit: ESA*
Thanks to Earth’s magnetosphere, the response of the upper atmosphere was less intense, with much of the storm’s particles deflected away from the planet or diverted toward the poles (causing the aurorae). This highlights the differences between our planets and also demonstrates the importance of studying how space weather impacts different bodies in the Solar System. Since solar storms can endanger astronauts and equipment in orbit, as well as disrupt satellites and electrical grids on the surface, space weather forecasting is of vital importance.
This is difficult, however, as the Sun emits solar flares and CMEs unpredictably, making studying them a matter of luck and timing. Fortunately, the team was able to use the new technique just 10 minutes after the solar storm reached Mars. In total, the team captured the aftermath of three solar events that were part of the same storm but differed in the type of material ejected and the way it was done. This included a flare of radiation, a burst of high-energy particles, and a CME. Said Colin:
The results improve our understanding of Mars by revealing how solar storms deposit energy and particles into Mars’s atmosphere – important as we know the planet has lost both huge amounts of water and most of its atmosphere to space, most likely driven by the continual wind of particles streaming out from the Sun. But there’s another side to it: the structure and contents of a planet’s atmosphere influence how radio signals travel through space. If Mars’s upper atmosphere is packed full of electrons, this could block the signals we use to explore the planet’s surface via radar, making it a key consideration in our mission planning – and impacting our ability to investigate other worlds.
Further Reading: ESA
-
Trending2 weeks agoРоссийские СМИ сообщили о самоубийстве Умара Джабраилова
-
Finance & Banking3 weeks agoHere’s How Much Elder Caregivers Charge in 2026—Is Your Family Paying Fair Rates?
-
Entertainment3 weeks agoTim McGraw reveals most controversial song Indian Outlaw after industry tried to cancel hit
-
Finance & Banking3 weeks agoMajor Indexes Plunge Amid Tariff Uncertainty; Dow Sheds 800 Points; Bitcoin Drops, Safe-Haven Gold Rises
-
Finance & Banking3 weeks agoRetiring Next Year? Discover the Right Monthly Income Target
-
Finance & Banking3 weeks agoHow Much Are Americans Saving? A Look at Bank Balances
-
Finance & Banking3 weeks agoFutures Rise After Indexes Tumble on Tariff Uncertainty, AI Disruption Concerns; AMD Stock Soars on Meta Chips Deal
-
Finance & Banking3 weeks agoEarnings From Nvidia, Home Depot, Banks, and Berkshire; Trump Speech
