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Something is Changing the Small Magellanic Cloud
A strange lack of stellar orbits around the core of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) mystified astronomers for decades. Not only that, but the SMC has a strange, irregular shape, and sports a tidal. Now, a team of observers led by graduate student Himansch Rathore at the University of Arizona, has tracked down the reason why the stars don’t orbit. It’s because the SMC crashed directly through its neighbor, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), in the distant past. That huge collision disrupted stellar motions and sent them on wildly different trajectories. It also disturbed the clouds of gas within the SMC and created a tail of gas stretching out across space.
The team’s work provides unique insights into how galaxies change over time. “We are seeing a galaxy transforming in live action,” said Rathore. “The SMC gives us a unique, front-row view of something very transformative of a process that is critical to how galaxies evolve.”
A Closer Look at the SMC
The Small Magellanic Cloud is one member of a trio of interacting galaxies that includes our own Milky Way, in addition to the Large Magellanic Cloud. The SMC lies about 200,000 light-years away, while the LMC is about 158,000 light-years distant. Both have sites of active star formation. The SMC is categorized as a dwarf irregular galaxy and has a mass equivalent to about 7 billion solar masses. Not all that mass is in stars, however. Most of the SMC’s mass is in giant gas clouds that eventually become sites of starbirth. That happens as the clouds cool and contract. If conditions are right, the process creates hot, young stars that astronomers can study as they seek to understand the process of star formation.
This visible light mosaic shows the LMC and SMC in context with the plane of our own galaxy, the Milky Way. Dusty filaments create dark traces across the bright central plane of the Milky Way, visible across the top of the image. Below it, separated by about 21 degrees, lie the LMC and SMC, the closest major galaxies to our own. The LMC and SMC orbit each other as well as our own Milky Way galaxy. Credit: Axel Mellinger, Central Michigan University (via NASA Goddard Scientific Vizualization Studio).
Astronomers have measured the motion of the stars that exist in the SMC, using the data from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Gaia mission. That’s when they found that the SMC’s stars don’t orbit around that galaxy’s center the way stars in most other galaxies do. That lack of orbital activity was puzzling, until Rathore’s team considered the effects of a collision on the SMC and LMC. A few hundred million years ago, the SMC crashed directly through the LMC’s disk. The LMC’s gravity disrupted the SMC’s internal structure and sent its stars into random, disordered motion. In addition, the gas in the LMC applied a tremendous amount of pressure to the SMC’s gas and destroyed its gas rotation.
Since the LMC, SMC, and Milky Way Galaxy are interacting with each other, astronomers want to understand how that interaction affects all three galaxies. Astronomers found a bridge of gas between the LMC and SMC, likely pulled from one of the galaxies by during tidal interactions between the two galaxies. That bridge is busily forming stars in the shocked gas.
Large and Small Magellanic Clouds from GAIA data. Image credit: ESA/Gaia/DPAC – CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO.
Solving the Puzzle of Disrupted Stellar Orbits
The crash between the LMC and SMC did a lot of damage to both, according to Gurtina Besla, a senior author on a paper about the finding. “The SMC went through a catastrophic crash that injected a lot of energy into the system. It is not a ‘normal’ galaxy by any means,” Besla said. To understand that crash, the team turned to computer simulations. First, they matched the known properties of the SMC and the LMC – their gas content, total star mass, and positions relative to the Milky Way. They paired the simulations with theoretical calculations of how collision affected the SMC’s gas as it plowed through the LMC’s dense gas environment. They also developed new methods for reading the scrambled star motions in a post-collision galaxy, tools that can now be used to properly interpret what telescopes actually measure in the SMC.
That matters because the SMC is small, gas-rich and low in heavy elements, which are properties that made it a standard yardstick for the kinds of galaxies that existed early in the Universe. A galaxy still reeling from a collision may not be a clean reference point, Besla said. However, it can give information about the effects collisions and interactions have had on galaxies throughout time.
This plot shows the simulated gas distribution of the Magellanic System resulting from the tidal encounter between the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) as they orbit our home Milky Way Galaxy. The solid line shows the calculated path of the LMC and the dotted line is the path of the SMC. Plot by G. Besla, Milky Way background image by Axel Mellinger (used with permission)
Other Effects of a Collision
Another study published by the team in 2025 showed that the collision also left a physical mark on the LMC that could help scientists probe dark matter. The LMC has a bar-shaped structure at its center, and that bar is tilted out of the plane of the galaxy because of the collision. Rathore, the 2025 study’s lead author, said the degree of the tilt is tied to how much dark matter the SMC contains, giving researchers a new way to measure a substance that has never been directly detected, only inferred from its gravitational effects.
“We are used to thinking of astronomy as a snapshot in time,” Rathore said. “But these two galaxies have come very close together, gone right through one another, and transformed into something different.”
In addition, the interaction between the LMC, SMC, and the Milky Way affects our galaxy’s shape. It appears that the LMC is causing a warp in the shape of the Milky Way’s stellar disk. It’s also pulling on the core of our galaxy, disturbing the halo, and accelerating its velocity through space. The SMC also contributes to this warping and pulling, and helps create the Magellanic Stream. That’s a trail of gas and stars that’s helping to populate the Milky Way.
For More Information
A Galactic Transformation — Understanding the SMC’s Structural and Kinematic Disequilibrium
A Galaxy Next Door is Transforming, and Astronomers can see it Happening
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ICE shootings protested in Pasadena on National Day of Action
Approximately 50 demonstrators gathered Saturday morning in Pasadena as part of a national action to honor lives lost during immigration enforcement operations and in detention centers during the Trump administration.
They wore fliers around their necks, hung with yellow thread, bearing the smiling faces and names of some of the 75 people who have died since January 2025.
“Killed by ICE” was printed above a photo of each person, including local resident Roberto Carlos Montoya Valdez, a 52-year-old killed while trying to flee immigration agents who descended on a Home Depot in Monrovia last year.
The Los Angeles residents, part of the San Gabriel Foothills Indivisible group, carried American flags and held signs that read “No ICE No War” and “Stop ICE Murders.”
“Good morning, Pasadena,” Betsy Hanger, an organizer with the group, boomed into a megaphone as she walked through an intersection. “Honk for democracy. Honk if you want ICE off our streets now.”
A chorus of horns sounded as drivers signaled their support.
Organizer Andra Clarke held a banner in each hand that read “Neighbors Say ICE Out.” The sign around her neck carried the name and photo of Francisco Gaspar-Andrés, a 48-year-old who died in a Texas detention center in December.
Heba Turner was among protesters demanding justice for those killed by ICE officers.
(Myung J. Chun / Los Angeles Times)
Clarke, 61, said the group has been gathering at the intersection of Colorado Boulevard and Fair Oaks Avenue every Saturday since March. Last weekend, they celebrated civil rights activist John Lewis.
This Saturday, though, their focus was aimed at ICE.
“Now 75 people have died at the hands of ICE,” Clarke said. “We were originally told, ‘Oh they’re going to go after the criminals, the people who are the worst of the worst.’ That’s a lie; that is not what’s happening.
“They’re targeting communities, they’re targeting people of color. It’s fascism. … Anybody who cares about humanity should care about what’s happening.”
Clarke said it hit her hard when she learned of the two recent deaths at the hands of ICE.
The event was also a vigil honoring 52-year-old Lorenzo Salgado Araujo, who was killed by an ICE agent in Houston on July 7 while driving his construction crew to a job site, and Johan Sebastian Guerrero, 25, who was fatally shot by an ICE officer in Maine during a traffic stop earlier this month.
“It’s like, again? It just doesn’t end. It feels like it never ends — the evil.”
Shortly before noon, Clarke used a megaphone to read aloud the names of the dozens who have died. After each name read, Hanger struck a singing bowl, the vibrations sounding out in the corner where they stood. At times, she read “unidentified man” or “four unidentified women.”
Next to them was a poster board with a photo of Daphy Michel, a 31-year-old woman found unresponsive at a bus shelter in Pittsburgh after ICE released her “into cold winter conditions and no care for mental health episodes or notice to relatives.”
“Let’s take a moment of silence for all those who were taken,” Clarke said, bowing her head.
“It’s like, again? It just doesn’t end. It feels like it never ends — the evil,” said Andra Clarke, an organizer for San Gabriel Foothills Indivisible.
(Myung J. Chun / Los Angeles Times)
Among those gathered to listen was Leticia Lopez, a 65-year-old South Pasadena resident whose voice trembled as she talked about the impact of hearing about another arrest or death tied to enforcement operations.
“It gets me to the core,” she said, striking her chest. “It’s not getting any better, it’s getting worse. I just feel like I need to do something.”
Lopez, who wore a shirt that read “Immigrants are not criminals but the president is,” said her mother and grandmother were forcefully repatriated from Arizona to Mexico.
Her mother, who was raised in Mexico, later met her father there. He moved to the U.S. in the 1950s as a bracero. Hearing the stories of today, she said, “triggers everything that they went through.”
“When I see it happening, it’s a generational trauma that I feel,” she said. Lopez said people around her are carrying passports and documents in public to prove they’re citizens.
“Because they’re afraid they might be profiled, picked up, kidnapped by ICE. When my son goes out, I worry,” she said of her 28-year-old.
Later that afternoon, about four miles away outside of Home Depot in Pasadena, organizers staked in the ground dozens of white crosses that bore photos of the dead — the majority of them men. Attendees of the vigil laid flowers at the crosses in a makeshift cemetery.
“Shot dead by ICE,” read one with a photo of Keith Porter Jr., who was killed by an off duty ICE officer in California.
Several of them contained details of how the deaths unfolded. A man killed after a tractor trailer struck him as he fled an ICE raid in Florida. A Cuban immigrant who died in a detention center (his death was later ruled a homicide). A Mexican national who fell 30 feet to his death during a raid in California.
Among the photos on crosses were Renee Good and Alex Pretti.
“Are we going to wait until 70 more die to do something?” asked Marlom Portillo, an educator with the National Day Laborer Organizing Network, as he staked more crosses into the ground.
“What they want us to do is forget them,” Portillo added. “We will never get tired of denouncing this atrocity.”
“There are more people who died than there are people here protesting,” Kathleen Vallee, a Monrovia resident, observed to her friend. “And that says a lot about us.”
Vallee said when she attended the “No Kings” protest, it was “jam-packed.” Only a dozen people had gathered around 20 minutes into the vigil.
“It turns my stomach,” Vallee said, hands clasped. “This just seems to be seeping up from the sewer into our democracy and that motivates me.”
As the small crowd assembled, demonstrators carried signs that read “Every person is sacred,” “we keep us safe” and “neighbors say ICE out.” One woman carried a handmade sign that read: “Who will they come for next?”
Sheri Lochner, a 64-year-old Monrovia resident, is part of East Pasadena Community Defense Corner, a small group that “provides support and a sense of community” for day laborers.
Lochner said she watched as immigrant agents took six or seven men at an Oct. 1 ICE raid at the Monrovia Home Depot.
“So un-American,” Lochner said, as she scanned the rows of crosses. “This isn’t right.”
She added that her mom, who voted for Trump the first time, agreed with her.
“I speak up, I will not be silent,” she added.
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Lucky 13! Starship Deploys Starlink Satellites and Splashes Down Intact
SpaceX’s Starship super-rocket deployed operational next-generation Starlink satellites for the first time during its 13th flight test, which addressed snags that arose in the previous test.
The 407-foot-tall, two-stage rocket rose from its Starbase launch pad in Texas at 5:51 p.m. CT today (10:51 p.m. UTC), with all 33 Raptor engines firing on the Super Heavy booster. On the way up, the rocket set a record for maximum dynamic pressure, also known as Max-Q.
Minutes after liftoff, the Starship upper stage — known as Ship — separated to continue on the flight test’s trajectory, and then the booster relit its engines for a controlled splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico. SpaceX launch commentator Dan Huot noted that not all of the engines fired up as planned — making for a splash that was a bit spicier than expected but still safe.
During the next phase of the test, Ship sent out 20 operational Starlink V3 satellites from a deployment system that’s been nicknamed the “Pez Dispenser.” For about 20 minutes, SpaceX’s engineering team ran a series of tests to check the deployment of solar arrays and see how the satellites were able to communicate with other spacecraft in the telecom network using laser systems.
“Not only were we able to make contact with all 20, but we also made comms over lasers with all of them as well,” SpaceX engineer Kate Tice said. “So, that is awesome.”
The satellites weren’t meant to stay in orbit. After the tests were completed, all 20 re-entered the atmosphere and burned up. But the data gathered during the tests will help SpaceX ensure that future batches of Starlink V3 satellites work properly.
Starlink V3 satellites are built to download data at speeds of up to 1 terabit per second, which marks a substantial technological advance over the V2 satellites that make up the bulk of the Starlink constellation. Adding V3 satellites to the network will upgrade Starlink’s capacity for direct-to-device services.
After satellite deployment, the upper stage executed a relight of one of its six Raptor engines in mid-flight, and then descended through the atmosphere to a splashdown in the Indian Ocean. On the way down, Ship’s heat shield weathered fiery flashes of plasma that made for quite a fireworks show on the in-space video transmitted down to Earth via Starlink. At the very end, the upper stage settled down intact in the water, spouting flames as it floated.
“That is a first. That is the softest splashdown we have ever had with a Starship there in the Indian Ocean,” Huot said. “This is a dream scenario for the team that’s trying to get this heatshield data.”
This marked the second test of SpaceX’s beefed-up Starship V3 rocket. The previous test in May followed a similar flight profile and was rated a success, but SpaceX made some modifications to systems on the Super Heavy booster as well as on the upper stage to address engine performance issues.
SpaceX’s initial attempt to launch the 13th flight test was aborted a week ago, at the moment of ignition, when four Raptor engines failed to start up for launch. After the scrub, SpaceX found six booster engines that raised concerns and replaced them for today’s second try.
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